Heads of state

The pope is the bishop of Rome and the head of the worldwide Catholic Church. He is also known as the supreme pontiff, Roman pontiff, or sovereign pontiff. From the 8th century until 1870, the pope was the sovereign or head of state of the Papal States, and since 1929 of the much smaller Vatican City State. From a Catholic viewpoint, the primacy of the bishop of Rome is largely derived from his role as the apostolic successor to Saint Peter, to whom primacy was conferred by Jesus, who gave Peter the Keys of Heaven and the powers of "binding and loosing", naming him as the "rock" upon which the

leader of a country or part of a country, usually in republics

The Pharaoh was the monarch of ancient Egypt. The title came into use from the Eighteenth Dynasty onwards and was subsequently attributed to all the previous kings of Egypt. Before this Pharaoh was a term that meant more of the kings' administration. The earliest confirmed instance of the title used contemporaneously for a ruler is a letter to Akhenaten (reigned –1336 BCE), possibly preceded by an inscription referring to Thutmose III (–1425 BCE). Although the title only came into use in the Eighteenth Dynasty during the New Kingdom, scholars today use it for all the rulers of Egypt from the F

thumb|Emperor Naruhito and [[Empress Masako of Japan. The Emperor and Empress of Japan are the only current monarchs in the world left carrying this title.]]

official who holds the highest-ranked protocol position in a sovereign state

thumb|Suleiman the Magnificent, the longest-reigning [[sultan of the Ottoman Empire|281x281px]]

thumb|Simeon I of Bulgaria, the first Bulgarian tsar and the first person who bore the title "tsar", by [[Alphonse Mucha|alt=Alphonse Mucha's The Slav Epic cycle No.4: Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria (1923)]] thumb|Reception of the Tsar of Russia in the Moscow Kremlin, by [[Ivan Makarov]] thumb|Crowning of Stefan Dušan, [[Emperor of the Serbs, as tsar, by Paja Jovanović]]

thumb|upright=1.25|20th-century leaders typically described as dictators (from left to right and top to bottom): Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union; [[Adolf Hitler of Germany; Augusto Pinochet of Chile; Mao Zedong of China; Benito Mussolini of Italy; and Kim Il Sung of North Korea]] thumb|Saddam Hussein, the fifth president of Iraq, is typically described as a dictator. thumb|upright=0.9|Julius Caesar outmaneuvered his opponents in ancient Rome to install himself as dictator for life.

thumb|The French prince du sang Louis II de Bourbon with his son. He was a great warrior and a rebel. He triumphed at the [[battle of Rocroi against the Habsburgs and saved the kingdom of his cousin Louis XIV, then four years old. This forged his legendary status and the beginning of the reversal of the balance of power in Europe. The day after Rocroi's victory, he became the new Alexander. The prince's center of gravity was transferred from Paris to Chantilly where he indulged his passions and cultivated a court life, in a sort of anti-Versailles. Under his impetus and the king's first archit

REDIRECT Caliphate

ruler in Mongol and Turkic cultures, variously describing kings, princes, and governors

thumb|The court of the Durrani Empire|Durrani Emirate of [[Afghanistan (James Rattray, 1839)]] Emir (; ' (), also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a history of use in West Asia, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and South Asia. In the modern era, when used as a formal monarchical title, it is roughly synonymous with "prince", applicable both to a son of a hereditary monarch, and to a reigning monarch

thumb|Uyghurs|Uyghur General [[Khojis (d. 1781), bey of Turfan, who later settled in Beijing; painting by a European Jesuit artist at the Chinese court in 1775]] Bey, also spelled as Baig, Bayg, Beigh, Beig, Bek, Baeg, Begh, or Beg, is a Turkic title for a chieftain, and a royal, aristocratic title traditionally applied to people with special lineages to the leaders or rulers of variously sized areas in the numerous Turkic kingdoms, emirates, sultanates and empires in Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Europe, and the Middle East, such as the Ottomans, Timurids or the various khanates and emi

( , spelled Fuehrer when the umlaut is unavailable) is a German word meaning or . As a political title, it is strongly associated with Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945. Hitler officially called himself der Führer und Reichskanzler () after the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, as well as the subsequent merging of the offices of Reichspräsident and Reichskanzler.

{| class="wikitable wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse" |style="background: #cbe; min-width:18.5em" colspan=2 align="center"|Khagan |- ! colspan="2" |Rouran |- | Brahmi Script:|| |- | Transliteration:|| Kagan |- | Transcription (Vovin):|| |- ! colspan="2" |Mongolian |- | Mongolian Script:|| |- | ʼPhags-pa script:|| |- | Transliteration:|| Qagan, Xagan |- | Cyrillic script:|| Хаан / Хаган |- | Transliteration:|| Khaan / Khagan |- ! colspan="2"|Yeniseian |- | Latin alphabet:|| Qaγan |- ! colspan="2" |Arabic |- |Arabic script: |خاقان |- |Transliteration: |Khaqan |- ! colspan="2" |Hindustan

upright=1.35|thumb|16th century Swedish regent Sten Sture the Younger|Stenonis Sture and wife [[Christina Gyllenstierna who both operated in strong resistance to Danish rule during the Kalmar Union]] upright=1.35|thumb|The oath of the provisional triumvirate|triumviral regents of the [[Empire of Brazil on behalf of the 5-year-old Emperor Pedro II in 1831, at the beginning of the Regency period.]] In a monarchy, a regent () is a person appointed to execute the office of a monarch temporarily, essentially as a substitute ruler. Regencies may arise for a number of reasons, including the monarch b

thumb|right|300px|Mary Simon, [[David Hurley and Dame Cindy Kiro, the governors-general of Canada, Australia and New Zealand respectively, in 2022]] Governor-general (plural governors-general), or governor general (plural governors general), is the title of an official, most prominently associated with the British Empire and the Commonwealth. In the context of the governors-general and former British colonies, governors-general continue to be appointed as viceroy to represent the monarch of a personal union in any sovereign state over which the monarch does not normally reign in person (non-UK

chief of state in Italian city-states

Padishah (; ) is a superlative sovereign title of Persian origin.

imperial and or royal title

Roman magistrate responsible for the census and monitoring public morality

ruling title used by certain historical monarchs

thumb|Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam|Tekle Haymanot, negus of [[Gojjam]] Negus is the word for "king" in the Ethiopian Semitic languages and a title which was usually bestowed upon a regional ruler by the Negusa Nagast, or "King of Kings," in pre-1974 Ethiopia. The negus is referred to as Al-Najashi (النجاشي) in the Islamic tradition.

Emperor of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu)

thumb|Heraldic crown of a landgrave

leader of a tribal society or chiefdom

thumb|right|200px|Johann Otto von Gemmingen, Prince-Bishop of Augsburg (1591–1598)

Nawab is a royal title indicating a ruler, often of a South Asian state, in many ways comparable to the Western title of Emperor. In earlier times the title was ratified and bestowed by the reigning Mughal emperor to semi-autonomous Muslim rulers of subdivisions or princely states in the Indian subcontinent loyal to the Mughal Empire, and then it was became a Royal title like Sultan or Emperor for example the Nawabs of Bengal. Various Nawabs were permitted to maintain this title under the suzerainty of the Maratha Empire.

thumb|235px|The Palace of the in Florence, now the [[Bargello museum]] ' (), also potestate or podesta' in English, was the name given to the holder of the highest civil office in the government of the cities of central and northern Italy during the Late Middle Ages. Sometimes, it meant the chief magistrate of a city-state, the counterpart to similar positions in other cities that went by other names, e.g. ('rectors').

thumb|upright|Usual Crown (heraldry) of a Fürst in Crown (heraldry)#German-speaking countries|German-speaking countries

title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state, including Oliver Cromwell

thumb|Reconstruction of a Xiongnu chief warrior, 2nd century BC – 1st century AD, by archaeologist [[A.N. Podushkin. Central State Museum of Kazakhstan.]] Chanyu () or Shanyu (), short for Chengli Gutu Chanyu (), was the title used by the supreme rulers of Inner Asian nomads for eight centuries until superseded by the title "Khagan" in 402 AD. The title was most famously used by the ruling Luandi clan of the Xiongnu during the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD). It was later also used infrequently by the Chinese as a reference to Tujue leaders.

presidential or dictatorial office without term limits

thumb|Prime Minister of Iran|Sardar-I-Azam, Prince [[Abdol Majid Mirza of Qajar Persia .]] right|thumb|Pakistani President Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan and First Lady [[Jacqueline Kennedy with the prized gelding "Sardar".]] right|thumb|List of Ottoman Grand Viziers|Grand Vizier [[Ahmet Tevfik Pasha, the last Ottoman Serdar-ı Azam.]] right|thumb|Serdar (Ottoman rank)|Serdar [[Janko Vukotić of the Principality and Kingdom of Montenegro.]]

thumb|Page from a Rosh Hashanah prayerbook with Hebrew (melekh) in large red text. Malik (; ; ; variously Romanized Mallik, Melik, Malka, Malek, Maleek, Malick, Mallick, Melekh) is the Semitic term translating to "king", recorded in East Semitic and Arabic, and as M-L-K in Northwest Semitic during the Late Bronze Age (e.g. Aramaic, Canaanite, Hebrew).

formal visit by a head of state to a foreign country

Gospodar or hospodar, also gospodin as a diminutive, is a term of Slavic origin, meaning "lord" or "master". The compound (, , , , ) is a derivative of gospod / gospodin, , or when spelled with a capital G (Gospod / Gospodin) it translates as Lord for God.

In several ancient Semitic-speaking cultures and associated historical regions, the shopheṭ or shofeṭ (plural shophetim or shofetim; , , , the last loaned into Latin as sūfes; see also ) was a community leader of significant civic stature, often functioning as a chief magistrate with authority roughly equivalent to Roman consular powers.

imperial title used in China and Vietnam, initially for the king but later for the crown prince

title used for heads of state or government in some republics

head of state of the Isle of Man

thumb|upright=1.5|Trilingual coin of [[Tegin Shah towards the end of his reign. Iranian god Adur on the reverse. Obverse legend: "His Excellence, the Iltäbär of Khalaj, Worshipper of the highest God, His Excellence, the King, the divine Tegin […]". Date in Pahlavi: 728 CE]] An elteber ( or (h)elitbär; Chinese 頡利發 xié-lì-fā H-puat) was a client king of an autonomous but tributary tribe or polity in the hierarchy of the Turkic khaganates including Khazar Khaganate.

thumb|Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat was referred to as the "rais"

title

thumb|Fausto Veranzio's 1595 Dictionarium quinque linguarum lists poglavnik as a "[[Dalmatian" word (column 4, item 5). It is equated to Latin princeps, German Fürst and Hungarian fejedelem.]] '''''' () is a Croatian word meaning 'leader' or 'guide'.

Sahib or Saheb () is a term of address originating from Arabic (). As a loanword, Sahib has passed into several languages, including Persian, Kurdish, Turkish, Azerbaijani, Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, Tajik, Crimean Tatar, Urdu, Hindi, Punjabi, Pashto, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Rohingya and Somali. During medieval times, it was used either as an official title or an honorific. Now, in South and Central Asia, it is almost exclusively used to give respect to someone higher or lower. The honorific has largely been replaced with sir. In the Tibeto-Burman language of Mizo, it is shortened as sâp, ref

formulaic and constitutional phrase

Arabic title for a ruler, physician, or wise man

king who is above other kings; type of monarch

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The Japanese word Sosai (Japanese:総裁, "Sōsai") means roughly "president" or "director-general". It is used in several ways:

thumb|Adolphus von Dalberg, Prince-Abbot of Fulda 1726–1737

Amenukal (Berber: ⵎⵏⴾⵍ, ⴰⵎⵏⵓⴽⴰⵍ) is a title for the highest Tuareg traditional chiefs; he is the head of an "ettebel" (drums, command...) and chosen from among the few relatives of the deceased amenokal. The term amenokal means "supreme chief, king, emperor". European observers have proposed several words to describe the scope of an amenokal's command (ettebel): confederation, political grouping, or "drum groups".

21 shot gun salute

Aryamehr (, ) was a title used in the Pahlavi era by Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran. It means Light of the Aryans in the Persian language.

A presidency is an administration or the executive, the collective administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of president of a state or nation. Although often the executive branch of government, and often personified by a single elected person who holds the office of "president", in practice, the presidency includes a much larger collective of people, such as chiefs of staff, advisers and other bureaucrats. Although often led by a single person, presidencies can also be of a collective nature, such as the presidency of the European Union is held on a rotating basis by

office held by Julius Caesar

Vietnamese rulers of the Hồng Bàng period

the title of the king of the Khazars