Heuristics

philosophical principle used to judge credibility of statements

A heuristic or heuristic technique (problem solving, mental shortcut, rule of thumb) is any approach to problem solving that employs a pragmatic method that is not fully optimized, perfected, or rationalized, but is nevertheless "good enough" as an approximation or attribute substitution. Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or impractical, heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a satisfactory solution. Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision.

application of science to criminal and civil laws

fundamental method of problem-solving, characterized by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success, or until the practicer stops trying

collective judgment, position, and opinion of the community of scientists in a particular field of study

an effect where an individual depends too heavily on an initial piece of information when making decisions

Epistemological razor regarding the burden of proof

making sure a classifier is based on observables instead of expediency or arbitrariness

tendency and mental shortcut of preferring an item with more available information

2011 non-fiction work by Daniel Kahneman

cognitive bias to think of money in nominal, rather than real, terms

tool for assisting judgement in uncertainty

principle in computer system design

book about problem solving

type of heuristic in which emotional response, or "affect" in psychological terms, plays a lead role

Satisficing is a decision-making strategy or cognitive heuristic that entails searching through the available alternatives until an acceptability threshold is met, without necessarily maximizing any specific objective. The term satisficing, a portmanteau of satisfy and suffice, was introduced by Herbert A. Simon in 1956, although the concept was first posited in his 1947 book Administrative Behavior. Simon used satisficing to explain the behavior of decision makers under circumstances in which an optimal solution cannot be determined. He maintained that many natural problems are characterized

cognitive bias of assuming the situation is a zero-sum game

tendency of belief by a person or groups of beliefs once it's formed or form. tendency of following a particular assumption

principle of textual criticism

simple strategies, rules or mental processes involved in making quick judgments or decisions

tendency to view past events in a positive (often unrealistic) light

The modern scientific method based on analysis and induction was created by Francis Bacon.

heuristic that never overestimates the cost of reaching the goal, i.e. the cost it estimates to reach the goal is not higher than the lowest possible cost from the current point in the path

psychological heuristic

function returning estimated value of a position in a game playing program

hypothesis about scientific discoveries and inventions

record of pollen rates over a year

systems thinking heuristic

Decision-making Concept in Psychology

Eurisko (Gr., I discover) is a discovery system written by Douglas Lenat in RLL-1, a representation language itself written in the Lisp programming language. A sequel to Automated Mathematician, it consists of heuristics, i.e. rules of thumb, including heuristics describing how to use and change its own heuristics. Lenat was frustrated by Automated Mathematician's constraint to a single domain and so developed Eurisko; his frustration with the effort of encoding domain knowledge for Eurisko led to Lenat's subsequent development of Cyc. Lenat envisioned ultimately coupling the Cyc knowledge bas

ad hoc element introduced into a calculation

Debiasing is the reduction of bias, particularly with respect to judgment and decision making. Biased judgment and decision making is that which systematically deviates from the prescriptions of objective standards such as facts, logic, and rational behavior or prescriptive norms. Biased judgment and decision making exists in consequential domains such as medicine, law, policy, and business, as well as in everyday life. Investors, for example, tend to exhibit the disposition effect by holding onto falling stocks too long and selling rising stocks too quickly. Employers exhibit considerable dis

thumb|Meta-optimization concept. Meta-optimization from numerical optimization is the use of one optimization method to tune another optimization method. Meta-optimization is reported to have been used as early as in the late 1970s by Mercer and Sampson for finding optimal parameter settings of a genetic algorithm.

heuristics in measure theory

dual process theory of persuasion

heuristic designed to spot and eliminate status quo bias

Monte Carlo method for importance sampling and optimization

"first consider the obvious"