Hindu astronomy

collection of traditional lunisolar calendars of the Hindus

A yuga, in Hinduism, is generally used to indicate an age of time.

thumb|right|The Nine Devas, Khleang style of Angkor. thumb|200px|Navagraha, Sun at the center surrounded by the planets, Painting by Raja Ravi Varma The navagraha (, Nine planets) are nine heavenly bodies and deities that influence human life on Earth according to Hinduism and Hindu mythology. The term is derived from nava ( "nine") and graha ( "planet, seizing, laying hold of, holding"). The nine parts of the navagraha are the Sun, Moon, planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn, and the two nodes of the Moon.

astrology originating from Ancient India

Makar(a) Sankrānti, also referred to as Uttarāyana, Makara, or simply Sankrānti, is a Hindu observance and a mid-winter harvest festival in India and Nepal. It is typically celebrated on 14 January annually, this occasion marks the transition of the sun from the zodiac of Sagittarius (dhanu) to Capricorn (makara). As this transition coincides with the sun's movement from south to north, the festival is dedicated to the solar deity, Surya, and is observed to mark a new beginning. Across India, the occasion is celebrated with numerous multi-day festivals.

astronomy on the Indian subcontinent

thumb|Saptarishi: Vishvamitra (top left), [[Jamadagni (top middle), Gautama (top right), Vashishtha (in the middle, beardless), Kashyapa (down left), Bharadvaja (down middle, in a yogic asana, upside down), Atri (down right). Pahari, from a Bandralta-Mankot workshop; . Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh]]

A manvantara, in Hindu cosmology, is a cyclic period of time identifying the duration, reign, or age of a Manu, the progenitor of mankind. In each manvantara, seven Rishis, certain deities, an Indra, a Manu, and kings (sons of Manu) are created and perish. Each manvantara is distinguished by the Manu who rules/reigns over it, of which we are currently in the seventh manvantara of fourteen, which is ruled by Vaivasvata Manu.

Sanskrit text on Indian astronomy

lunar mansion in Hindu astrology and Indian astronomy. Aldebaran in western astronomy

A yojana (Devanagari: योजन; Khmer language: យោជន៍; ; ) is a measure of distance that was used in ancient India, Cambodia, Thailand and Myanmar. Some sources define the unit as the distance an army can march in a day. Various textual sources from ancient India define Yojana as ranging from 3.5 to 15 km.

thumb|The astronomical basis of the Hindu lunar day

Amavasya () represents the lunar phase of new moon in the Hindu calendar. A calendar month ends on amavasya as per the amanta tradition of the Hindu lunar calendar. Various Hindu beliefs and rituals are associated with the day. Hindu festivals including Diwali are celebrated on the amavasya day of various months.

hindu, astronomy, mathematics, science school in India

concept of time in Hinduism

Adhika-māsa (), also called the Adhik-mas, Mala-māsa, and the Purushottama-māsa, is an intercalated month in the Hindu calendar that is inserted to keep the lunar calendar aligned with the months of the year. The adhika-masa is an extra lunar month added to the solar calendar every three years so that the lunar and the solar years are synchronised, along with the agricultural cycle and seasons.

The term Uttarāyaṇa (commonly Uttarayanam) is derived from two different Sanskrit words – "uttaram" (North) and "ayanam" (movement) – thus indicating the northward movement of the Sun. In the Gregorian calendar, this pertains to the "actual movement of the sun with respect to the earth." It is also known as the six-month period that occurs between the winter solstice and the summer solstice (approximately 20 December - 20 June). According to the Indian solar calendar, it refers to the movement of the Sun through the zodiac. This difference occurs because the solstices continually precess at a

Sankranti () refers to the transmigration of the sun from one zodiac to another in Indian astronomy. In Saurmana varsha (Hindu Solar year), there are twelve Sankrantis corresponding with twelve months of a year. The Sankrantis can be broadly classified into four main categories: Ayan (Solstice), Vishuva (Equinox), Vishupadi and Shadshitimukhi sankrantis. Each Sankranti is marked as the beginning of a month in the sidereal solar calendars followed in South Indian states: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka; Himalayan states: Jammu region, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Nort

thumb|right| Panchaanga in Kannada thumb|Tamil Vakya Panchangam

Solar New Year in the Hindu calendar

Indian scholar in Sanskrit and mathematics and translator

German-British Indologist

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In Vedic Astrology Jyotiṣa, the Lagna (') or Hour Marker''', is the first moment of contact between the soul and its new life on earth in Jyotiṣa. Lagna's Rashi and Nakshatra represents the "Atman" (Soul) of an Individual Person while the Lagna Lord which represents the Ruler of the Horoscope absorbs the traits and qualities of that specific Rashi & Nakshatra.

Cycle of four yuga ages in Hindu cosmology: Satya Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga and Kali Yuga.

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Yuktibhāṣā (), also known as Gaṇita-yukti-bhāṣā and '''' (English: Compendium of Astronomical Rationale''), is a treatise on mathematics and astronomy, written by the Indian astronomer Jyeṣṭhadeva of the Kerala school of mathematics around 1530. The treatise, written in Malayalam, is a consolidation of the discoveries by Madhava of Sangamagrama, Nilakantha Somayaji, Parameshvara Nambudiri, Jyeṣṭhadeva, Achyuta Piṣāraṭi, and other astronomer-mathematicians of the Kerala school. It also exists in a Sanskrit version, with unclear author and date, composed as a rough translation of the Malayalam o

Tantrasamgraha, or Tantrasangraha, (literally, A Compilation of the System) is an astronomical treatise written by Nilakantha Somayaji, an astronomer/mathematician belonging to the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics. The treatise was completed in 1501 CE. It consists of 432 verses in Sanskrit divided into eight chapters. Tantrasamgraha had spawned a few commentaries: Tantrasamgraha-vyakhya of anonymous authorship and Yuktibhāṣā authored by Jyeshtadeva in about 1550 CE. Tantrasangraha, together with its commentaries, bring forth the depths of the mathematical accomplishments the Kerala

Dakshinayana () is a Hindu astronomical concept that refers to the movement of the sun to the south of the equator, and is also a term that indicates the six-month period between the summer solstice and the winter solstice. Dakshinayana begins on Karka Sankranti or July 16, as it marks the transition of the sun into Karka rashi (Cancer).

In Hindu astrology, rāhukāla () or rāhukālam () is an inauspicious period of the day, not considered favourable to start any good deed. The rāhukāla spans for approximately 90 minutes every day between sunrise and sunset.

Sankaranarayana (c. 840 – c. 900) was an Indian astronomer-mathematician in the court of Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara (c. 844 – c. 870) of the early medieval Chera kingdom in Kerala. He is celebrated as the author of Laghubhaskariyavivarana or Laghubhaskariyavyakha, a detailed commentary on astronomical treatise Laghubhaskariya by 7th century mathematician Bhaskara I (which in turn was based on the works of the 5th century polymath Aryabhata).

ancient unit of distance from the Indian subcontinent

Indian mathematician

10th-century Indian commentator on astronomical treatises

astronomical system

Navdhānya or Navadhaniyam refers to nine food grains namely wheat, paddy, pigeon pea, hyacinth bean, chickpea, mung bean, sesame, black gram and horse gram. Navdhānya means "nine grains" in several Indian languages and form an essential part of Indian cuisine.

Khaṇḍakhādyaka (meaning "edible bite; morsel of food") is a Sanskrit-language astronomical treatise written by Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta in 665 CE. The treatise contains eight chapters covering such topics as the longitudes of the planets, diurnal rotation, lunar and solar eclipses, risings and settings, the moon's crescent and conjunctions of the planets. The treatise also includes an appendix which in some versions has only one chapter, and in other has three.

Haridatta (c. 683 CE) was an astronomer-mathematician of Kerala, India, who is believed to be the promulgator of the Parahita system of astronomical computations. This system of computations is widely popular in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. According to legends, Haridatta promulgated the Parahita system on the occasion of the Mamankam held in the year 683 CE. Mamankam was a 12-yearly festival held in Thirunnavaya on the banks of the Bharathapuzha river.