Holism

theory of mind examining human perception, structures and organizing principles in sensory impressions

Holism is the interdisciplinary idea that systems possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts. The aphorism "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", is often given as a summary of this proposal. The concept of holism can inform the methodology for a broad array of scientific fields and lifestyle practices. When applications of holism are said to reveal properties of a whole system beyond those of its parts, these qualities are referred to as emergent properties of that system. Holism in all contexts is often placed in opposition to reductionism, a d

programming paradigm aimed at improving clarity, quality, and development time by using control structures

sequence of instructions that can be called from other points in a computer program

Synergy is the concept that a combined effect of two or more entities is greater than the sum of their individual effects. The term synergy comes from the Attic Greek word συνεργία ' from ', , meaning "working together". Synergy is similar in concept to emergence.

thumb|The formation of complex symmetrical and fractal patterns in [[snowflakes exemplifies emergence in a physical system.]] thumb|A termite "cathedral" mound produced by a termites|termite colony offers a classic example of emergence in nature.

Complexity characterizes the behavior of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, leading to non-linearity, randomness, collective dynamics, hierarchy, and emergence.

The noosphere (alternate spelling noösphere) is a philosophical concept developed and popularized by the biogeochemist Vladimir Vernadsky and philosopher and Jesuit priest Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Vernadsky defined the noosphere as the new state of the biosphere, and described it as the planetary "sphere of reason". The noosphere represents the highest stage of biospheric development, that of humankind's rational activities.

1810 book by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

thumb|A mound built by Nasutitermes triodiae|cathedral termites thumb|A coral colony

thesis that it is impossible to test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because such an empirical test of it requires other assumptions

Organicism is the philosophical position that states that the universe and its various parts (including human societies) ought to be considered alive and naturally ordered, much like a living organism. Vital to the position is the idea that organicistic elements are not dormant "things" per se but rather dynamic components in a comprehensive system that is, as a whole, everchanging. Organicism is related to but remains distinct from holism insofar as it prefigures holism; while the latter concept is applied more broadly to universal part-whole interconnections such as in anthropology and socio

philosophical theory

school of thought on thermodynamics and systems phenomena developed by Hermann Haken

system divided into smaller parts that can be independently built, modified, replaced, or exchanged with other parts or between different systems

Transdisciplinarity is an approach that iteratively interweaves knowledge systems, skills, methodologies, values and fields of expertise within inclusive and innovative collaborations that bridge academic disciplines and community perspectives, to develop transformative outcomes that respond to complex societal challenges.

something that is simultaneously a whole and a part

1968 set of two short American documentary films directed by Ray Eames and Charles Eames

framework for integrating diverse theories (Ken Wilber)

1951 philosophy article by Willard Van Orman Quine

future vision

quantum physics concepts developed by David Bohm regarding wholeness and non-locality

right|thumb|Alexander Bogdanov, founder of tektology Tektology (sometimes transliterated as tectology) is a term used by Alexander Bogdanov to describe a new universal science that consisted of unifying all social, biological and physical sciences by considering them as systems of relationships and by seeking the organizational principles that underlie all systems. Tektology is now regarded as a precursor of systems theory and related aspects of synergetics. The word "tectology" was introduced by Ernst Haeckel, but Bogdanov used it for a different purpose.

Relationalism is any theoretical position that gives importance to the relational nature of things. For relationalism, things exist and function only as relational entities.

Orthopathy (from the Greek ὀρθός orthos 'right' and πάθος pathos 'suffering') or natural hygiene (NH) is a set of alternative medical beliefs and practices originating from the Nature Cure movement. Proponents claim that fasting, dieting, and other lifestyle measures are all that is necessary to prevent and treat disease.

philosophical view that no individual statement can be confirmed or disconfirmed by an empirical test, but only a set of statements (a whole theory)

hypothesis that, in the course of evolution, some entirely new properties, such as mind and consciousness, appear at certain critical points

'''''' (, ; "bursting, opening", "spurt") is an important concept in the Indian grammatical tradition of Vyakarana, relating to the problem of speech production, how the mind orders linguistic units into coherent discourse and meaning.

Romanian sociologist (1882-1947)

approach to research that emphasizes the study of complex systems

theory in the philosophy of language that a certain part of language (e.g. a term, a complete sentence) can only be understood through its relations to a (previously understood) larger segment of language

Antireductionism is the position in science and metaphysics that stands in contrast to reductionism (anti-holism) by advocating that not all properties of a system can be explained in terms of its constituent parts and their interactions.

1984 book by Robert M. Axelrod