Ibadi studies

German theologian and orientalist (1844–1918)

Danish Orientalist and historian (1945–2015)

German-british author and scholar of Islamic history (1930—2023)

German orientalist (1845–1930)

British historian

Muḥakkima (), also known as al-Haruriyya (), were the Muslims who rejected arbitration between Ali and Mu'awiya I at the Battle of Siffin in 657 CE. The name Muḥakkima derives from their slogan (), meaning "no judgment (hukm) except God's". The name al-Haruriyya refers to their withdrawal from Ali's army to the village of Harura' near Kufa. This episode marked the start of the Kharijite movement, and the term muḥakkima is often also applied by extension to later Kharijites.

Italian orientalist (1893–1989)

British historian and Islamicist (born 1944)

Canadian historian (1950-2016)

British Middle East scholar and historiographer of early Islamic history (1941-1988)

French orientalist

Anglican missionary and scholar

Polish orientalist