Imperfect competition

A cartel is a group of independent market participants who collaborate with each other and avoid competing with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the market. They seek to limit competition, fix prices, and increase prices by creating artificial shortages through low production quotas, stockpiling, and marketing quotas. Jurisdictions frequently consider cartelization to be anti-competitive behavior, leading them to outlaw or curtail cartel practices. Anti-trust law targets cartel behavior in markets.

imperfect competition of differentiated products that are not perfect substitutes

measure of lost economic efficiency

An oligopsony (from Greek ὀλίγοι (oligoi) "few" and ὀψωνία (opsōnia) "purchase") is a market form in which the number of buyers is small while the number of sellers in theory could be large. This typically happens in a market for inputs where numerous suppliers are competing to sell their product to a small number of (often large and powerful) buyers. It contrasts with an oligopoly, where there are many buyers but few sellers. An oligopsony is a form of imperfect competition.

economic model in which companies compete on the amount of output they will produce, decided independently of each other and at the same time

type of market structure

process of distinguishing unique products or services

ability of a firm to raise the market price of a commodity over marginal cost

process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media

Coopetition (also spelled co-opetition, coopertition or co-opertition) is a concept in which firms or individuals engage in both cooperation and competition simultaneously. It describes situations where competing entities work together toward a common goal or share resources while still maintaining competitive interests in other areas. The term is a portmanteau of "cooperation" and "competition".

a demand curve featuring a concave, non-differentiable bend, leading to a leads to a jump discontinuity in the marginal revenue curve, used as a model of oligopoly and monopolistic competition

economic situation departing from idealized perfect competition

supplier of commodity controlling its global deposits and possessing large spare production capacity