Indian Ocean

Oceania ( , ) is a geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Oceania is generally considered a continent, while mainland Australia is regarded as its continental landmass. Spanning the Eastern and Western hemispheres, at the centre of the water hemisphere, Oceania is estimated to have a land area of about and a population of around 46.3 million as of 2024. Oceania is the smallest continent in land area and the second-least populated after Antarctica. It is home to Earth’s third-largest remaining area of tropical rainforest, which covers much of the island

ocean bounded by Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica

Mogadishu, locally known as Xamar or Hamar, or Jorawar, is the capital and most populous city of Somalia. The city has served as an important port connecting traders across the Indian Ocean for millennia and has an estimated urban population of 4,126,815.

continent in the Earth's Southern Hemisphere

Mangaluru (), formerly called Mangalore ( ), is a major industrial port city in the Indian state of Karnataka and on the west coast of India. It is located between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats about west of Bengaluru, the state capital, north of the Karnataka–Kerala border and south of Goa. Mangaluru is the state's only city to have all four modes of transport—air, road, rail and sea. The population of the urban agglomeration was 619,664  national census of India. It is known for being one of the locations of the Indian strategic petroleum reserves.

Salalah () is the capital and largest city of the southern Omani governorate of Dhofar. It has a population close to 331,949.

thumb|Lothal Archaeological information Lothal () was one of the southernmost sites of the ancient Indus Valley civilisation, located in the Bhal region of the Indian state of Gujarat. Construction of the city is believed to have begun around 2300 BCE.

right|thumb|upright=1.35|Area covered by the Indo-Pacific biogeographic region thumb|upright=1.35|Indo-Pacific. The green ellipse covers the ASEAN.

thumb|Map of Sahul with Sundaland|Sunda __NOTOC__ Sahul (), also called Sahul-land, Meganesia, Papualand and Greater Australia, was a paleocontinent that encompassed the modern-day landmasses of mainland Australia, Tasmania, New Guinea, and the Aru Islands.

seven Ming-era maritime voyages of the treasure fleet between 1405 and 1433

irregular oscillation of sea-surface temperatures in the Indian Ocean

four points on Earth which are halfway between the geographical poles, the equator, the Prime Meridian, and the 180th meridian

intergovernmental organization created in 1982

layer of air pollution that recurrently covers the northern Indian Ocean, India, and Pakistan

international organization consisting of coastal states bordering the Indian Ocean

Chinese naval strategy

The Indian Ocean garbage patch is a gyre of marine litter suspended in the upper water column of the central Indian Ocean, specifically the Indian Ocean Gyre.

trade conducted through the India Ocean

seasonally varying ocean current regime found in the tropical regions of the northern Indian Ocean

large systems of rotating ocean currents. The Indian Ocean gyre is composed of two major currents: the South Equatorial Current, and the West Australian Current

tsunami in the Indian Ocean

umbrella term that encompasses Indo-Pacific specific strategies of countries with similar interests in the region

designated by the International Whaling Commission

biogeographic region of the Earth's seas, comprising the tropical waters of the western Pacific Ocean, the eastern Indian Ocean, and the connecting seas.