Industrial processes

thumb|300x300px|Vacuum pump and bell jar for vacuum experiments, used in science education during the early 20th century, on display in the Schulhistorische Sammlung ('School Historical Museum'), [[Bremerhaven, Germany]]

thumb|A 1912 Chicago Department of Health poster explains household pasteurization to mothers.

thumb|Illustration of a Hofmann voltameter|Hofmann electrolysis apparatus used in a school laboratory

layer-by-layer additive process used to make a three-dimensional object

a sector of the economy that manufactures, processes, and sells chemicals

artificial nitrogen fixation process which is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia nowadays

thumb|Burning pieces of wood, showing various stages of pyrolysis, followed by oxidative combustion

high-volume production of standardized products

thumb| Steps in the hydrogenation of a C=C double bond at a catalyst surface, for example Ni or Pt : (1) The reactants are Adsorption|adsorbed on the catalyst surface and H2 dissociates. (2) An H atom bonds to one C atom. The other C atom is still attached to the surface. (3) A second C atom bonds to an H atom. The molecule leaves the surface.

process of separation of a mixture into its component parts by evaporation and recondensation at controlled temperature and pressure

thumb|Industrial canning machines used for mass-producing canned salmon in 1917 Canning is a method of food preservation in which food is processed and sealed in an airtight container (jars like Mason jars, and steel and tin cans). Canning provides a shelf life that typically ranges from one to five years, although under specific circumstances, it can be much longer. A freeze-dried canned product, such as canned dried lentils, could last as long as 30 years in an edible state.

capture from industrial sources, transport, and geological burial of CO2

thumb|upright=1.35|Wooden house with wooden furniture, spinning wheel, loom and various tools right|thumb|Artists can use woodworking to create delicate sculptures. Woodworking is the skill of making items from wood, and includes cabinetry, furniture making, wood carving, joinery, carpentry, and woodturning.

thumb|upright=1.5|Typical route for alkylation of benzene with ethylene and ZSM-5 as a heterogeneous catalystAlkylation is a chemical reaction that entails transfer of an alkyl group. The alkyl group may be transferred as an alkyl carbocation, a free radical, a carbanion, or a carbene (or their equivalents). Alkylating agents are reagents for effecting alkylation. Alkyl groups can also be removed in a process known as dealkylation. Alkylating agents are often classified according to their nucleophilic or electrophilic character. In oil refining contexts, alkylation refers to a particular alkyl

Refining is the process of purification of a (1) substance or a (2) form. The term is usually used of a natural resource that is almost in a usable form, but which is more useful in its pure form. For instance, most types of natural petroleum will burn straight from the ground, but it will burn poorly and quickly clog an engine with residues and by-products. The term is broad, and may include more drastic transformations, such as the reduction of ore to metal (for which see Refining (metallurgy)).

transformation of raw ingredients into food, or of food into other forms

thumb|Heat and compaction fuse small particles into a dense bulk thumb|clinker (cement)|Clinker nodules produced by sintering

manufacturing technology where an unfinished product is moved from workstation to workstation where work steps are performed or parts are added in sequence until the product is complete

method for the separation of mixtures in process engineering

thumb|upright|Sandblasting a stone wall thumb|Diesel powered compressor used as an air supply for sandblasting thumb|right|A Pitting corrosion|corrosion pit on the outside wall of a pipeline at a [[coating defect before and after abrasive blasting]]

Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing it or by applying a chemical treatment, leaving a clean surface with a significant specular reflection (still limited by the index of refraction of the material according to the Fresnel equations). In some materials (such as metals, glasses, black or transparent stones), polishing is also able to reduce diffuse reflection to minimal values.

thumb|Ingredients for short rib soup

process used to make thin films for semiconductors or surface coating

branch of engineering concerned with the development, production, and application of ceramic and ceramic products

aluminium smelting process

chemical process for producing nitric acid from ammonia and oxygen

method of crystal growth

strengthening of a metal by plastic deformation

method or means of somehow changing one or more chemicals or chemical compounds

process of producing goods

condensation of monomers or oligomers dispersed in a colloidal solution (sol) into a biphasic aqueous polymeric network (gel)

early industrial process for producing sodium carbonate from salt

extraction of some soluble substances from a solid materials into a liquid

a catalyst used in the synthesis of polymers of 1-alkenes

A process is a series or set of activities that interact to produce a result; it may occur once-only or be recurrent or periodic.

carboxylation chemical reaction

furnace that uses solar thermal energy

right|thumb|Tin layer on the inside of a tin can Tinning is the process of thinly coating sheets of wrought iron or steel with tin, and the resulting product is known as tinplate. The term is also widely used for the different process of coating a metal with solder before soldering.

thumb|A worker Pickling (metal)|pickling tin in a tin factory in South Wales during World War I thumb|A worker removes tin plates from an annealing stand in a South Wales factory during World War I Tinplate consists of sheets of steel coated with a thin layer of tin to impede rusting. Before the advent of cheap mild steel, the backing metal (known as "") was wrought iron. While once more widely used, the primary use of tinplate now is the manufacture of tin cans.

Pyrometallurgical industrial process

automation systems using control theory and physical industrial control systems to maintain the output of a specific process within a desired range

method of producing a dry powder from a liquid or slurry by rapidly drying with a hot gas

distillation performed under reduced pressure, which allows the purification of compounds not readily distilled at ambient pressures or simply to save time or energy

type of industrial mobile robot

thumb|right|The reflux system in a typical industrial distillation column Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial and laboratory distillations. It is also used in chemistry to supply energy to reactions over a long period of time.

technique for separating different molecules by differences in their isoelectric point; a type of zone electrophoresis

material; type of glass

redistribution of olefinic (alkene) bonds

thumb|Barel plating method(Japan) Plating is a finishing process in which a metal is deposited on a surface. Plating has been done for hundreds of years; it is also critical for modern technology. Plating is used to decorate objects, for corrosion inhibition, to improve solderability, to harden, to improve wearability, to reduce friction, to improve paint adhesion, to alter conductivity, to improve IR reflectivity, for radiation shielding, and for other purposes. Jewelry typically uses plating to give a silver or gold finish.

thumb|336x336px|Taylor cone formation and the main forces acting on the solution, adapted from .

refrigeration process

air that has been condensed into a liquid

series of batch process kilns

manufacturing process

right|thumb|300px|A partial image of a sheet of US Postage stamps, 1940 issue, featuring perforations

physical conversion of a gas into a liquid state (condensation)

Process for the commercial production of pure titanium and zirconium

thumb|Battery chargers for successive generations of Apple Inc.|Apple's [[iPod]]

cryogenic surface cleaning method

thumb|right|250px|Dosage of defoamer A defoamer or an anti-foaming agent is a chemical additive that reduces and hinders the formation of foam in industrial process liquids. The terms anti-foam agent and defoamer are often used interchangeably. Strictly speaking, defoamers eliminate existing foam and anti-foamers prevent the formation of further foam. Commonly used agents are insoluble oils, polydimethylsiloxanes and other silicones, certain alcohols, stearates and glycols. The additive is used to prevent formation of foam or is added to break a foam already formed.