Jesuit history in Europe

The Kulturkampf (; ) was the seven-year political conflict (1871–1878) between the Catholic Church in Germany led by Pope Pius IX and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, as well as other German states. The Prussian church-and-state political conflict was about the church's direct control over both education and ecclesiastical appointments in the Prussian kingdom. Moreover, when compared to other church-and-state conflicts about political culture, the Kulturkampf of Prussia also featured anti-Polish sentiment.

civil war in Switzerland in November 1847

persecution of Jesuits from 1759 to 1814

church in Antwerp, Belgium

French journalist and historian (1803–1875)

pharmacy

51st zone of Rome, Italy

gymnasium

Anti-Jesuit fabricated text