Khurramites

9th-century Iranian revolutionary leader

Al-Muqanna ( "The Veiled", died c. 783) born Hashim, (Arabic: هاشم), was an 8th-century political and military leader who operated in modern Iran. He led a rebellion against the Abbasid Caliphate and according to various Muslim historians, claimed to be a prophet. He was a major figure of the Khorrām-Dīn religious movement, which drew on both Zoroastrian and Islamic influences.

thumb|250px|The late leader of the Khurramīyah movement, Babak Khorramdin was the follower of [[al-Muqanna, a Zoroastrian and Mazdaean prophet.]] The Khurramites ( , meaning "those of the Joyful Religion") were an Iranian religious and political movement with roots in the Zoroastrian movement of Mazdakism. An alternative name for the movement is the Muhammira (, "Red-Wearing Ones"; in ), a reference to their symbolic red dress.

Theophobos () or Theophobus, originally Nasir (), Nasr (), or Nusayr (), was a commander of the Khurramites who converted to Christianity and entered Byzantine service under Emperor Theophilos (). Raised to high rank and married into the imperial family, Theophobos was given command of his fellow Khurramites and served under Theophilos in his wars against the Abbasid Caliphate in 837–838. After the Byzantines' defeat at the Battle of Anzen, he was proclaimed emperor by his own men, but did not pursue this claim. Instead he peacefully submitted to Theophilos in the next year and was apparently

816–837 Persian-Zoroastrian uprising against the Abbasids