Kingdoms (biology)

Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms belonging to the biological kingdom Animalia (). With few exceptions, animals consume organic material, breathe oxygen, have myocytes and are able to move, can reproduce sexually, and grow from a hollow sphere of cells, the blastula, during embryonic development. Animals form a clade, meaning that they arose from a single common ancestor. Over 1.5 million living animal species have been described, of which around 1.05 million are insects, over 85,000 are molluscs, and around 65,000 are vertebrates. It has been estimated there are as many as 7.77&

Plants are the eukaryotic organisms that constitute the kingdom Plantae. They are predominantly photosynthetic, meaning that they obtain their energy from sunlight. They do that using the green pigment chlorophyll in their chloroplasts to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water. Exceptions are parasitic plants that have lost the genes for chlorophyll and photosynthesis, and obtain their energy from other plants or fungi. Most plants are multicellular, except for some green algae.

A fungus (: fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes yeast and mold as well as the mushroom. These organisms are classified in the biological kingdom Fungi.

taxonomic rank

Chromista is a proposed but controversial biological kingdom, refined from the Chromalveolata, consisting of single-celled and multicellular eukaryotic species that share similar features in their photosynthetic organelles (plastids). It includes all eukaryotes whose plastids contain chlorophyll c and are surrounded by four membranes. If the ancestor already possessed chloroplasts derived by endosymbiosis from red algae, all non-photosynthetic Chromista have secondarily lost the ability to photosynthesise. Its members might have arisen independently as separate evolutionary groups from the las

In biology, Archezoa is a term that has been introduced by several authors to refer to a group of organisms (a taxon). Authors include Josef Anton Maximilian Perty, Ernst Haeckel and in the 20th century by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in his classification system. Each author used the name to refer to categories of organisms described by different sets of shared characteristics. This reuse by later authors of the same taxon name for different groups of organisms is problematic in taxonomy because the inclusion of the name in a sentence such as "Archezoa have no olfactory organs" does not make sense u

Fusobacteriota are obligately anaerobic non-sporeforming Gram-negative bacilli. Since the first reports in the late nineteenth century, various names have been applied to these organisms, sometimes with the same name being applied to different species. More recently, not only have there been changes to the nomenclature, but also attempts to differentiate between species which are believed to be either pathogenic or commensal or both. Because of their asaccharolytic nature, and a general paucity of positive results in routine biochemical tests, laboratory identification of the Fusobacteriota ha

Pseudomonadati is a prokaryotic kingdom containing approximately one-third of prokaryote species, mostly gram-negative bacteria and their relatives. It is the closest relative of an even larger kingdom of Bacteria, the Bacillati, which are mostly gram-positive bacteria.

Thermotogati is a kingdom of bacteria. They are united by the presence of an outer sheath-like membrane called a "toga".

Bacillati, formerly known as "Terrabacteria", is a kingdom containing approximately two-thirds of prokaryote species, including those in the gram positive phyla (Actinomycetota and Bacillota) as well as the phyla Cyanobacteriota and Chloroflexota.