Kulturkampf

German statesman and Chancellor (1815-1898)

The Kulturkampf (; ) was the seven-year political conflict (1871–1878) between the Catholic Church in Germany led by Pope Pius IX and the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, as well as other German states. The Prussian church-and-state political conflict was about the church's direct control over both education and ecclesiastical appointments in the Prussian kingdom. Moreover, when compared to other church-and-state conflicts about political culture, the Kulturkampf of Prussia also featured anti-Polish sentiment.

encyclical of Pope Pius IX

German penal law provision

19th-century German law regarding Jesuits

legislation of the German Kingdom of Prussia in 1873