Materialists

German-born philosopher (1818-1883)

German philosopher, sociologist and economist (1820–1895)

English philosopher (1588–1679)

Epicurus (, ; ; 341–270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher who founded Epicureanism, a highly influential school of philosophy; it asserted that philosophy's purpose is to attain as well as to help others attain tranquil lives, characterized by freedom from fear and the absence of pain.

Russian revolutionary anarchist and philosopher (1814–1876)

French philosopher, mathematician and sociologist (1798–1857)

American writer and editor (1890–1937)

French nobleman, revolutionary politician, philosopher and writer of erotic works

German philosopher and anthropologist (1804–1872)

Slovenian philosopher (born 1949)

British molecular biologist, biophysicist, neuroscientist; co-discoverer of the structure of DNA

French philosopher (1925–1995)

Spanish-American philosopher

English American author and journalist (1949–2011)

Russian writer and nihilist philosopher (1828–1889)

English journalist, political philosopher and novelist

American philosopher and logician (1900–2000)

French writer and philosopher

French sociologist and philosopher (1947–2022)

American science writer

Argentine-Canadian philosopher (1919-2020)

German philosopher and scientist (1824-1899)

German philosopher (1828-1888)

Canadian philosopher

scholar, theologian and philosopher

Dutch philosopher (1822-1893)

Russian philosopher (1924–1979)

Russian philosopher (1881–1963)

Italian-Australian feminist (1954-)

British theatre director (1934-2019)

French philosopher

literary scholar and media theorist (1943–2011)

Canadian philosopher

Soviet philosopher and journalist (1901-1987)

American journalist and author (born 1957)

American feminist theorist and physicist

Italian philosopher and politician (1886-1957)

Russian historian (1905–1972)

Italian philosopher (1952-2025)

Russian historian and theorist (1878–1945)

British philosopher

American economist, college president and political philosopher (1759–1839)

Turkish author (1852-1887)

Estonian philosopher (1936-1997)

German philosopher

American philosopher

German philosopher (1743–1813)

Russian philosopher and university teacher (1932-2012)

Romanian pathologist, physiologist and anthropologist

philosopher

Japanese historian

Polish anarchist (1840–1889)

Belgian neurologist