Minerals

Ice is water that is frozen into a solid state, typically forming at or below temperatures of 0 °C, 32 °F, or 273.15 K. It occurs naturally on Earth, on other planets, in Oort cloud objects, and as interstellar ice. As a naturally occurring crystalline inorganic solid with an ordered structure, ice is considered to be a mineral. Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-white color.

thumb|upright=1.25|Crystals of serandite, [[natrolite, analcime, and aegirine from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada]]

thumb|upright=1.1|Group of precious and semiprecious stones—both uncut and faceted—including (clockwise from top left) diamond, uncut synthetic [[sapphire, ruby, uncut emerald, and amethyst crystal cluster.]]

material which has not been through a manufacturing process

thumb|Calcite alabaster: The tomb of Tutankhamun (d. 1323 BC) contained a practical objet d’art, a cosmetics jar made of Egyptian alabaster, which features a lid surmounted by a lioness (goddess Bast).

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thumb|Concretions in Torysh, Western [[Kazakhstan]] thumb|Concretions with lens shape from island in Vltava river, Prague, Czech Republic thumb|Marlstone aggregate concretion, [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, United States]] A concretion is a hard and compact mass formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in sedimentary rock or soil. Concretions are often ovoid or spherical in shape, although irregular shapes also occur. The word concretion is borrowed from Latin , itself derived from concrescere , from con- and crescere .

waste product from the production of alumina

clay material

Photochromism is the reversible change of color upon exposure to light. It is a transformation of a chemical species (photoswitch) between two forms through the absorption of electromagnetic radiation (photoisomerization), where each form has a different absorption spectrum. This reversible structural or geometric change in photochromic molecules affects their electronic configuration, molecular strain energy, and other properties.

place where animals can go to lick essential mineral nutrients from a deposit of salts and other minerals

depletion of natural organic and inorganic resources

thumb|upright=0.6|Pounamu barb thumb|upright|Pounamu pendant, a heavily stylized fishhook thumb|The southwest coast of New Zealand is named ("The greenstone waters"), after its deposits of greenstone, and the area resembles greenstone in this view from space. The term is also the official Māori language|Māori name for the [[South Island.]]

Yugawaralite is a clear or pinkish mineral of the zeolite group. It was first described by Sakurai and Hayashi (1952) near a waterfall by some hot springs near Yugawara.

geological materials mined for commercial value in industry

knot, mass, or lump of a mineral or mineral aggregate with a contrasting composition

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resources extracted in a conflict zone and sold to perpetuate the fighting

Wöhlerite, also known as woehlerite or wohlerite, is a member of the Wöhlerite group. It was named after German chemist Friedrich Wöhler. It was first described by Scheerer in 1843, but the crystal structure was only solved by Mellino & Merlino in 1979. Once approved, it was grandfathered by the IMA.

mineral classification scheme

Chiolite is a tetragonal-ditetragonal dipyramidal mineral, composed of sodium, fluorine, and aluminium. The name originates from the combination of the Greek words for snow () and stone (). It is an allusion to its similarity and appearance to cryolite (ice stone). Chiolite is an IMA approved mineral that has been grandfathered, meaning the name chiolite is believed to refer to a valid species to this day. Synonyms of chiolite are arksudite, arksutite, chodneffite, chodnewite and nipholith. It was first discovered in the Ilmen mountains, Russia, in 1846. Chiolite has been a valid species from

Doyleite is a rare aluminum trihydroxide mineral named in honor of its discoverer, the Canadian physician Earl Joseph (Jess) Doyle. It was first definitively described in 1985 (although a partial description was published in 1979) and it is approved by the IMA. It was described from Mont Saint-Hilaire, where it is extremely rare.

Yuanfuliite is a black submetal mineral. The mineral is named after the geologist Yuan Fuli.

thumb | right | alt=Boothite with Arseniosiderite | Boothite with Arseniosiderite Boothite is a very rare, naturally occurring mineral composed of the heptahydrate of copper sulfate: Cu(SO4)·7H2O. It was discovered in the Leona Heights region near Oakland, California before 1959.

form of iron ore

Britholite-(Ce) is a rare radioactive mineral with the chemical formula . It comes in a variety of different colors. Its type locality is Naujakasik (Naajakasik), Tunulliarfik Fjord, Ilímaussaq complex, Narsaq, Kujalleq, Greenland.

Humboldtine is a rarely occurring mineral from the mineral class of "organic compounds" with the chemical composition FeC2O4•2H2O and is therefore a water-containing iron(II) oxalate or the iron salt of oxalic acid.

Iddingsite is a microcrystalline rock that is derived from alteration of olivine. It is usually studied as a mineral, and consists of a mixture of remnant olivine, clay minerals, iron oxides, and ferrihydrites. Debates over iddingsite's non-definite crystal structure caused it to be de-listed as an official mineral by the IMA; thus, it is properly referred to as a rock.

quartz variety, rock crystal with rutile inclusions

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thumb|upright|Hematite - titanomagnitite Titanomagnetite is a mineral containing oxides of titanium and iron, with the formula Fe2+(Fe3+,Ti)2O4. It is also known as titaniferous magnetite, mogensenite, Ti-magnetite, or titanian magnetite. It is part of the spinel group of minerals. The Curie temperature for titanomagnetite has been found to have a wide range of 200 to 580°C.

intermediate good, primary raw material and ore concentrate

Canasite is a mineral whose name is derived from its chemical composition of calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), and silicon (Si). It was approved in 1959 by IMA.

Sarcolite is a mineral named due to its color. Its name originates from the Greek word (σάρξ), meaning flesh and from the Greek word for stone, (λίθος), for being a mineral. It was first described in 1959, but had been a valid species since 1807. It is grandfathered, meaning the name sarcolite still refers to a valid species till this day. Researchers were able to create lab-grown sarcolites with the same crystal structure and formula, although the lab grown ones show different, uniaxial (-) optical properties.

Dresserite is a mineral of the dresserite group, named in honor of John Alexander Dresser, geologist. It was approved by the IMA in 1968, but only a year after was it published. The rare mineral can only be found in Francon quarry, Canada. The quarry is located in the middle of the city of Montréal, but had been closed in 1981 and will not reopen in the future.

Pellyite is a mineral that belongs to the silicate class. Its chemical formula is Ba2Ca(Fe,Mg)2Si6O17. It is named after the Pelly River in Yukon, Canada.

Miassite is a mineral made of rhodium and sulfur, with the stoichometric formula . It was named after the Miass River in the Urals. It is a superconductor and an unconventional superconductor. Naturally occurring miassite is too brittle, so it is made in a lab for superconductor research.

Adranosite is a mineral discovered in the La Fossa crater, Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy, with the formula (NH4)4NaAl2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2. Adranosite-(Fe) is the Fe3+ analogue of adranosite, with the formula (NH4)4NaFe2(SO4)4Cl(OH)2.

Fleischerite is a white to light-reddish pink sulfate mineral. It is named after Michael Fleischer, a co-founder of the International Mineralogical Association. Fleischerite was first recognized as a mineral in 1960. Fleischerite is the namesake of its own mineral group, which also includes schaurteite, despujolsite, mallestigite, and genplesite. It is often confused with dundasite.

thumb|Cacholong, in the Geological Museum of Kiev University Cacholong, also known as Kalmuck agate, is a form of common opal, although it is often mistaken for agate or chalcedony, and Parker Cleaveland claimed it was a variety of chalcedony. It has a milky white colour that can also be described as bluish white or cream. With a Mohs hardness of about 6, it is used for carving, cameos, etc. The word "cacholong" has also been used as a synonym for actinolite.

Chalconatronite is a carbonate mineral and rare secondary copper mineral that contains copper, sodium, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, its chemical formula is Na2Cu(CO3)2•3(H2O). Chalconatronite is partially soluble in water, and only decomposes, although chalconatronite is soluble while cold, in dilute acids. The name comes from the mineral's compounds, copper ("chalcos" in Greek) and natron, naturally forming sodium carbonate. The mineral is thought to be formed by water carrying alkali carbonates (possibly from soil) reacting with bronze. Similar minerals include malachite, azurite, and other

increasing mineral diversity over time

important raw materials

Friedelite is a mineral in the pyrosmalite group. The mineral is named after Charles Friedel.

Maskelynite is a glassy material found in some meteorites and meteorite impact craters. Typical samples are similar in composition to plagioclase feldspar, and revert to that mineral when melted and recrystallized. It was named after British geologist M.H.N. Story-Maskelyne.

Kazakovite was named in honor of Maria Efimovna Kazakova analytical chemist. It is a type locality of Karnasurt mountain, Lovozersky District, Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It was approved by the IMA in 1974, the same year it was discovered.

Freudenbergite is a mineral that is named in honor of Wilhelm Freudenberg, palaeontologist at the University of Tübingen and the University of Göttingen, and curator for mineralogy and geology at the National Collections of Natural History in Karlsruhe. He studied Katzenbuckel rocks.

Metarauchite is a member of the autunite group, found at the Jáchymov ore district (type locality), Czech Republic and in Schneeberg, Germany. The autunite group is a group of structured uranyl phosphates and arsenates; the other members of the group are autunite, bassetite, heinrichite, kahlerite, nováčekite-I, nováčekite-II, rauchite, sabugalite, saléeite, torbernite, uranocircite, uranospinite, and zeunerite. The mineral is named after Czech mineral collector Luděk Rauch, who died in the Jáchymov mines during mineral prospecting.

thumb|right|Myrmekite, about 2 millimetres across Myrmekite is a vermicular, or wormy, intergrowth of quartz in plagioclase. The intergrowths are microscopic in scale, typically with maximum dimensions less than 1 millimeter. The plagioclase is sodium-rich, usually albite or oligoclase. These quartz-plagioclase intergrowths are associated with and commonly in contact with potassium feldspar. Myrmekite is formed under metasomatic conditions, usually in conjunction with tectonic deformations. It has to be clearly separated from micrographic and granophyric intergrowths, which are magmatic.

geological process by which two elements simultaneously substitute into a crystal

product of deposition from vapors around volcanic vents

thumb|right|240px|Novaculite forms light grey Flatiron (geomorphology)|flatirons in the [[Marathon Uplift area of Texas. ]]

class of ionic solids characterized by a layered structure

Uroxite is an oxalate mineral first discovered as part of the Carbon Mineral Challenge. It is the first discovered uranium-containing organic mineral.