File:Ice_Block,_Canal_Park,_Duluth_(32752478892).jpg · Wikimedia Commons · See Wikimedia Commons

EntityQ23392· pop 177· linked from 1,275 articles

ice

Also known as solid water, water ice, water, crystalline water, frozen water, frozen ice

Ice is water that is frozen into a solid state, typically forming at or below temperatures of 0 °C, 32 °F, or 273.15 K. It occurs naturally on Earth, on other planets, in Oort cloud objects, and as interstellar ice. As a naturally occurring crystalline inorganic solid with an ordered structure, ice is considered to be a mineral. Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-white color.

OverviewAI-generated

Ice is a chemical compound with the formula H₂O. It has a density of 925.7 and a Mohs' hardness of 1.5. The melting point of ice is 0. The speed of sound in ice is 3000.

The subject is associated with the Unicode character 🧊. It is categorized under the Commons category "Ice" and has a corresponding gallery.

In academic literature, a PubMed query for "ice" returns a count of 53343. Additionally, the topic is referenced by 1,275 other encyclopedia articles.

Synthesized by Vinony from 11 facts across 3 sources: Wikidata, PubMed, Vinony graph. Generated from structured data (not the Wikipedia text) and checked against those facts — may still contain errors.

Key facts

Material.name: Ice
Material.image: Ice Block, Canal Park, Duluth (32752478892).jpg
Material.alt: A picture of ice
Material.caption: An ice block
Material.density: 0.9167–0.9168 g/cm3
Material.refractive_index: 1.309
Material.youngs_modulus: 3400 to 37,500 kg-force/cm2
Material.tensile_strength: 5 to 18 kg-force/cm2
Material.compressive_strength: 24 to 60 kg-force/cm2
Material.thermal_conductivity: 0.0053(1 + 0.0015 θ) cal/(cm s K), θ = temperature in °C
Material.specific_heat: 0.5057 − 0.001863 θ cal/(g K), θ = absolute value of temperature in °C
Material.dielectric_constant: ~95
Material.footnotes: The properties of ice vary substantially with temperature, purity and other factors.

via Wikipedia infobox

Research

53,343 papers

[Ice Swimming].ReviewPraxis · 2023Weiss K, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle BDOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a004052
Microbial ice-binding structures: A review of their applications.ReviewInternational journal of biological macromolecules · 2024Uko MP, Umana SI, Iwatt IJ et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133670
Control of ice crystal nucleation and growth during the food freezing process.ReviewComprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2022Jia G, Chen Y, Sun A et al.DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12950
Ice-Binding Proteins and Their Function.ReviewAnnual review of biochemistry · 2016Bar Dolev M, Braslavsky I, Davies PLDOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014546
Control strategies of ice nucleation, growth, and recrystallization for cryopreservation.ReviewActa biomaterialia · 2023Lin M, Cao H, Li JDOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.056
Supercooling-Promoting (Anti-ice Nucleation) Substances.ReviewAdvances in experimental medicine and biology · 2018Fujikawa S, Kuwabara C, Kasuga J et al.DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1244-1_16
Coexisting with Ice Crystals: Cryogenic Preservation of Muscle Food─Mechanisms, Challenges, and Cutting-Edge Strategies.ReviewJournal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2023Xie Y, Zhou K, Tan L et al.DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06155
Divergent Mechanisms of Ice Growth Inhibition by Antifreeze Proteins.ReviewMethods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Drori R, Stevens CADOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3503-2_12

via PubMed

~47 min read

Encyclopedic overview

32 sections

Contents

Physical properties
{{anchor|Phases}}Phases
Friction properties
Natural formation
In the oceans
On land
On rivers and streams
On lakes<span class="anchor" id="Ice on lakes"></span>
As precipitation
Snow and freezing rain
Hard forms
On surfaces
Ablation
Role in human activities
Cooling
Harvesting
Artificial production
Land travel
Water-borne travel
Air travel
Recreation and sports
Other uses
As thermal ballast
As structural material
Impacts of climate change
Historical
Predictions
Non-water
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Virtually all of the ice on Earth is of a hexagonal crystalline structure denoted as ice Ih (spoken as "ice one h"). Depending on temperature and pressure, at least nineteen phases (packing geometries) can exist. The most common phase transition to ice Ih occurs when liquid water is cooled below (, ) at standard atmospheric pressure. When water is cooled rapidly (quenching), up to three types of amorphous ice can form. Interstellar ice is overwhelmingly low-density amorphous ice (LDA), which likely makes LDA ice the most abundant type in the universe. When cooled slowly, correlated proton tunneling occurs below (, ) giving rise to macroscopic quantum phenomena.

Excerpted from Wikipedia’s “ice” article, available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.