Neurophysiology

right|thumb|260px|Drawing by Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1899) of [[neurons in the pigeon cerebellum]]

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method to record an electrogram of the spontaneous electrical activity of the brain. The bio signals detected by EEG have been shown to represent the postsynaptic potentials of pyramidal neurons in the neocortex and allocortex. It is typically non-invasive, with the EEG electrodes placed along the scalp (commonly called "scalp EEG") using the International 10–20 system, or variations of it. Electrocorticography, involving surgical placement of electrodes, is sometimes called "intracranial EEG". EEG is widely used both as a clinical diagnostic tool, particularl

alt=3D Medical Animation Still Shot Showing Different Parts of Mid-Brain|thumb|261x261px|A 3D medical animation still shot showing different parts of the midbrain. The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior stalk-like part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. In the human brain, the brainstem is composed of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The midbrain is continuous with the thalamus of the diencephalon through the tentorial notch, and sometimes the diencephalon is included in the brainstem.

in physiology, a detectable change in the internal or external surroundings

unique phase of sleep in mammals and birds, characterized by random/rapid movement of the eyes

glial cell type

thumb|upright=1.35|Exocytosis of neurotransmitters into a synapse from neuron A to neuron B. Exocytosis () is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters and proteins) out of the cell. As an active transport mechanism, exocytosis requires the use of energy to transport material. Exocytosis and its counterpart, endocytosis, are used by all cells because most chemical substances important to them are large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic portion of the cell membrane by passive means. Exocytosis is the process by which a large

Electromyography (EMG) is a technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. EMG is performed using an instrument called an electromyograph to produce a record called an electromyogram. An electromyograph detects the electric potential generated by muscle cells when these cells are electrically or neurologically activated. The signals can be analyzed to detect abnormalities, activation level, or recruitment order, or to analyze the biomechanics of human or animal movement. Needle EMG is an electrodiagnostic medicine technique commonly used by neurolo

Neurophysiology is a branch of physiology and neuroscience concerned with the functions of the nervous system and their mechanisms. The term neurophysiology originates from the Greek word νεῦρον ("nerve") and physiology (which is, in turn, derived from the Greek φύσις, meaning "nature", and -λογία, meaning "knowledge"). Neurophysiology has applications in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of many neurological and psychiatric diseases. Neurophysiological techniques are also used by clinical neurophysiologists to diagnose and monitor patients with neurological diseases.

Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity or just plasticity, is the medium of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize and rewire its neural connections, enabling it to adapt and function in ways that differ from its prior state. This process can occur in response to learning new skills, experiencing environmental changes, recovering from injuries, or adapting to sensory or cognitive deficits. Such adaptability highlights the dynamic and ever-evolving nature of the brain, even into adulthood. T

Electrophysiology (from [see the etymology of "electron"]; ; and ) is the branch of physiology that studies the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage changes or electric current or manipulations on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and, in particular, action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system, such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as elec

Irritability is the excitatory ability that living organisms have to respond to changes in their environment. The term is used for both the physiological reaction to stimuli and for the pathological, abnormal or excessive sensitivity to stimuli.

form of brain stimulation using magnetic fields

In biochemistry, an esterase is a class of enzyme that splits esters into an acid and an alcohol in a chemical reaction with water called hydrolysis (and as such, it is a type of hydrolase).

The resting membrane potential is relatively stable and can be called as the ground value for transmembrane voltage.

InterPro Family

junction between the axon of a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

pressure inside the skull and thus in the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid

persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity

thumb|right|Animal Echolocation|Echolocation in bats is one model system in neuroethology.

brainwaves, repetitive patterns of neural activity in the central nervous system

InterPro Family

secretory organelle in neurons that stores neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse

anatomical structure

family of sleep disorders which affect the timing of sleep

Electrooculography (EOG) is a technique for measuring the corneo-retinal standing potential that exists between the front and the back of the human eye. The resulting signal is called the electrooculogram. Primary applications are in ophthalmological diagnosis and in recording eye movements. Unlike the electroretinogram, the EOG does not measure response to individual visual stimuli.

proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension

laboratory technique in electrophysiology used to study ionic currents in individual isolated living cells, tissue sections, or patches of cell membrane

brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event

Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons. Neuromodulators typically bind to metabotropic, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) to initiate a second messenger signaling cascade that induces a broad, long-lasting signal. This modulation can last for hundreds of milliseconds to several minutes. Some of the effects of neuromodulators include altering intrinsic firing activity, increasing or decreasing voltage-dependent currents, altering synaptic efficacy, increasing bursting activity and reconfiguring

in physiology

medical specialty or subspecialty devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of sleep disturbances and disorders

process causing temporary increase in postsynaptic potential

imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures

activity-dependent reduction in the efficacy of neuronal synapses lasting hours or longer following a long patterned stimulus

technique of brain electric stimulation therapy which uses low current delivered via electrodesm placed on the scalp

propagation of action potentials along a nerve cell

thumb|right|280px|The presynaptic neuron (top) releases a neurotransmitter, which activates receptors on the nearby postsynaptic cell (bottom). thumb|280px|Ligand-gated ion channel showing the binding of transmitter (Tr) and changing of membrane potential (Vm)

thumb|right|class=skin-invert-image|Zuranolone, an example of a neurosteroid, used for the treatment of [[postpartum depression]]

neural oscillatory pattern

Electrocorticography (ECoG), a type of intracranial electroencephalography (''''''), is a type of electrophysiological monitoring that uses electrodes placed directly on the exposed surface of the brain to record electrical activity from the cerebral cortex. In contrast, conventional electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes monitor this activity from outside the skull. ECoG may be performed either in the operating room during surgery (intraoperative ECoG) or outside of surgery (extraoperative ECoG). Because a craniotomy (a surgical incision into the skull) is required to implant the electrode g

The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules in axons.

Synchronized patterns of electrical activity in the part of the brain that controls voluntary movement

British neuropsychologist (1935-2024)

biological neural circuit that produces rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input

Physiological principle

organism's immediate response to a change in its environment

Mathematical model of a dendrite

medical specialty that studies the central and peripheral nervous systems through the recording of bioelectrical activity

effect of stimulating physical and social surroundings on the brain

collection of widespread brain regions showing functional connectivity by statistical analysis of the fMRI BOLD signal or other signal fluctuations

Signaling between cells of equivalent developmental potential that results in these cells adopting different developmental fates. An example is the suppression by cells with a particular fate of the adoption of the same fate by surrounding cells.

A microelectrode is an electrode used in electrophysiology either for recording neural signals or for the electrical stimulation of nervous tissue. They were first developed by Ida Hyde in 1921. Pulled glass pipettes with tip diameters of 0.5 μm or less are usually filled with 3 molars potassium chloride solution as the electrical conductor. When the tip penetrates a cell membrane the lipids in the membrane seal onto the glass, providing an excellent electrical connection between the tip and the interior of the cell, which is apparent because the microelectrode becomes electrically negative co

thumb|350px|Fig. 1 – Rheobase and chronaxie are points defined on the strength-duration curve for stimulus of an excitable tissue.

Neuroregeneration is the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells or cell products. Neuroregenerative mechanisms may include generation of new neurons, glia, axons, myelin, or synapses. Neuroregeneration differs between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) by the functional mechanisms involved, especially in the extent and speed of repair. When an axon is damaged, the distal segment undergoes Wallerian degeneration, losing its myelin sheath. The proximal segment can either die by apoptosis or undergo the chromatolytic reaction, which is an attempt at rep

method to describe and apply the location of scalp electrodes

form of nervous system communication

neural tuning

pharmacologic characteristic