Nuclear proliferation

international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons

Egyptian law scholar and diplomat, 4th Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency, and Nobel Peace Prize recipient

Hungarian-American Jewish nuclear physicist (1908–2003)

international treaty

There are currently nine sovereign states that are generally understood to possess nuclear weapons, though only eight formally acknowledge possessing them. In order of first successful nuclear test, the world's nine nuclear-armed states are the United States (1945), Russia (1949), the United Kingdom (1952), France (1960), China (1964), India (1974), Pakistan (1998), and North Korea (2006); Israel is believed to have acquired nuclear weapons around 1967, but has never openly tested or formally acknowledged having them. Under the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, and China are recognized "nuclear-weapons states" (NWS). They are also the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. Israel, India, and Pakistan never signed the NPT, while North Korea acceded to it in 1985 before announcing withdrawal in 2003.

international treaty of Ukraine, the United States, Russia, and the United Kingdom

Pakistani nuclear engineer (1936–2021)

Director General/International Atomic Energy Agency (1947-2019)

spread of nuclear weapons

The RDS-1 (), also known as First Lightning (), was the first nuclear weapons test that was conducted by the Soviet Union. It was detonated on 29 August 1949 at 7:00 a.m. Kazakhstan Time (decree time) (UTC+06:00), at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, and yielded 22 kilotons of TNT.

Argentine diplomat

1974 India's first successful nuclear test

1979 unidentified double flash of light

technology that can be used for both civil and military purposes

intergovernmental organization

device for chemical separation

an agreement by Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan that nuclear weapons of the former Soviet Union on the soil of those states would be destroyed or transferred to the control of Russia

123 Agreement signed between the United States and India

government agency

proposed U.S. atomic energy plan following World War II by Bernard Baruch

projects and lists of French weapons of mass destruction

illegal activities done by North Korea

commission established to deal with the problems raised by the discovery of atomic energy

American foreign policy think tank

US post-Soviet counterproliferation program

Taiwanese-American nuclear physicist

report by Dean Acheson and David Lilienthal

mechanical engineer who is widely credited with leading the team which developed the Zippe-type centrifuge

The RDS-2 (Russian: РДС-2) was a second nuclear bomb developed by the Soviet Union as an improved version of the RDS-1. It included new explosive lenses along with a new core design to decrease the probability of pre-detonation or 'fizzle'. The levitated core increased implosion efficiency by allowing for an empty space between the "flying layer" and the core, thereby allowing rapid acceleration of the shock wave before it impacted the core.

government organization in Madrid, Spain

Israeli covert operation in 1968 to obtain processed uranium ore

2012 Nuclear Security Summit held in Seoul, South Korea

Nuclear Security Summit in Washington DC

Pakistani nuclear physicist

academic and policy-relevant field on problems associated with the nuclear weapons and energy complex

1994 treaty between the United States and North Korea

technical term

Italian nuclear engineer,

nuclear material

process for isotope separation used to produce enriched uranium

Finnish diplomat

nonprofit non-governmental institution dedicated to nuclear nonproliferation