Papal States

Bologna () is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy, with 390,734 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its metropolitan province is home to more than 1 million people as of 2025. Bologna is most famous for being the home to the oldest university in continuous operation, the University of Bologna, established in AD 1088.

Ravenna ( ; , also ; ) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century until its collapse in 476, after which it served as the capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom and then the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna. It has 156,444 inhabitants as of 2025.Initially settled by the Umbri people, Ravenna came under Roman Republic control in 89 BC. Octavian built the military harbor of Classis at Ravenna, and the city remained an important seaport on the Adriatic until the early Middle A

Ancona (, also ; ) is a city and a seaport in the Marche region of central Italy. The city of Ancona has an estimated population of around 99,469 . Ancona is the capital of the homonymous province and of the region. The city is located northeast of Rome, on the Adriatic Sea, between the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of Monte Conero, Monte Astagno and Monte Guasco. The hilly nature around Ancona is a strong contrast to the flatter coastline in areas further north.

Rimini ( , ; or ; ) is a city in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy.

Ferrara (; ; ) is a city and comune (municipality) in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy, and the capital of the Province of Ferrara. it had 132,009 inhabitants. It is situated northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the Renaissance, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance, it has been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

Forlì ( ; ; ; ) is a comune (municipality) and city in Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy, and is, together with Cesena, the capital of the Province of Forlì-Cesena.The city is situated along the Via Emilia, to the east of the Montone river, and is an important agricultural centre. The city hosts some of Italy's culturally and artistically significant landmarks; it is also notable as the birthplace of painters Melozzo da Forlì and Marco Palmezzano, humanist historian Flavio Biondo, physicians Geronimo Mercuriali and Giovanni Battista Morgagni. The University Campus of Forlì (part of the University

territories mostly in the Appenine Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope between 756–1870

Faenza ( , , ; or ; ) is a (municipality) with inhabitants in the Province of Ravenna in Emilia-Romagna, Italy. The city is historically renowned for its production of artistic ceramics, to the extent that maiolica, due to the fame of local craftsmanship, is known worldwide as faience.

Senigallia (or Sinigaglia in Old Italian; ) is a comune (municipality) and resort town on Italy's Adriatic coast. It is situated in the province of Ancona, in the Italian region of Marche, and lies approximately 30 kilometres north-west of the provincial capital city Ancona. Senigallia's small port is located at the mouth of the River Misa. It is one of the endpoints of the Massa–Senigallia Line, one of the most important dividing lines (isoglosses) in the classification of the Romance languages.

period during which the Pope lived in Avignon, France (1309–1376)

former Italian state (1545–1802; 1814–1859)

forged Roman imperial decree by which the emperor Constantine supposedly donated Rome and surrounding territory to the Pope

countship

document providing a legal basis for the erection of the Papal States, which extended the temporal rule of the Popes beyond the duchy of Rome

Urban patriciates of the Papal States' March of Ancona (16th–18th centuries)

fiefdom in central Italy from 1537 to 1649

administrative subdivision of the Papal States (1210-1798)

canton of France

962 agreement regarding control of the Papal States

currency of the Papal States until 1866

Papal orders and decorations of merit of the Holy See

Catholic hymn

thumb|upright=1.4|Giacomo Cenci was executed in Rome in 1599 for his involvement in the patricide of his father, Count Francesco Cenci. He was struck on the head with a mace (mazzolatura). [[Etching, ca. 1850.]] The Mazzatello (abbreviated mazza), more properly mazzolatura ('to strike or bludgeon with a mace'), is an Italian term that refers to a method of capital punishment involving the use of a mace, mallet, or club-like weapon to inflict head trauma. It was historically used in Italy, particularly by the Papal States, for executing individuals convicted of particularly odious crimes. The m

originally designated the landed possessions and revenues of various kinds that belonged to the "Church of Saint Peter" in Rome, by virtue of the apostolic see status as founded by Saint Peter, according to Catholic tradition

currency of the Papal States between 1866 and 1870

Old subdivisions of the Papal State

battle standard of the Papal States

encyclical by Pope Pius IX

papal bull regarding the Jews