Philosophical schools and traditions

period of European history and cultural movement of the 17th and 18th centuries

alt=Terry Farrell "SIS Building" (1994)|thumb|360x360px|SIS Building (1994) by Terry Farrell: Detail view of the British intelligence service ([[MI6) headquarters in London, a "hulking, postmodern fortress" influenced by 1930s industrial modernist design and Mayan and Aztec temples.]]

In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "the position that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge", often in contrast to other possible sources of knowledge such as faith, tradition, or sensory experience. More formally, rationalism is defined as a methodology or a theory "in which the criterion of truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive".

Libertarianism (from ; or from ) is a political philosophy that holds freedom, personal sovereignty, and liberty as primary values. Many libertarians believe that the concept of freedom is in accord with the non-aggression principle, according to which each individual has the right to live as they choose, as long as they do not violate the rights of others by initiating force or fraud against them.

Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring reality. Pragmatists contend that most philosophical topics—such as the nature of knowledge, language, concepts, meaning, belief, and science—are best viewed in terms of their practical uses and successes.

upright=1.2|right|thumb|14th-century image of a university lecture

early 20th century philosophical movement that seeks to describe the universal features of consciousness without assumptions about the external world, aiming to describe phenomena as they appear and exploring the significance of lived experience

20th-century tradition of Western philosophy

Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all human beings are members of a single community. Its adherents are known as cosmopolitan or cosmopolite. Cosmopolitanism is both prescriptive and aspirational, believing humans can and should be "world citizens" in a "universal community". The idea encompasses different dimensions and avenues of community, such as promoting universal moral standards, establishing global political structures, or developing a platform for mutual cultural expression and tolerance.

Academic study of philosophy derived from the tradition and teachings of Islam

thumb|Head of Plato, Roman copy. The original was exhibited at the Academy after the death of the philosopher (348/347 BC).

thumb|Woman's Progress, May 1895|200px

assertion that only statements verifiable through empirical observation are meaningful

thumb|Painting of Saint Thomas Aquinas, after whom Thomism is named

In philosophy, deconstruction is a loosely defined set of approaches to understanding the relationship between text and meaning. The concept of deconstruction was introduced by the philosopher Jacques Derrida, who described it as a turn away from Platonism's ideas of "true" forms and essences which are valued above appearances. American literary critic and major proponent of deconstruction Barbara Johnson describes the approach in this way:

thumb|The grand foyer of the Palais Garnier, by Charles Garnier, 1860–1875. Stylistically, it aimed for a Baroque opulence through lavishly decorated monumental structures that evoked [[Louis XIV's Versailles. However, it was not just a revival of the Baroque, being more of a synthesis of Classicist styles, like Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassicism etc. Thus, it is an example of eclecticism in architecture.]]

set of 19th- and 20th-century philosophical traditions from mainland Europe

philosophy that sociological understanding's primarily use should be social reform

Post-structuralism is a philosophical movement that questions the objectivity or stability of the various interpretive structures that are posited by structuralism and considers them to be constituted by broader systems of power. Although different post-structuralists present different critiques of structuralism, common themes include the rejection of the self-sufficiency of structuralism, as well as an interrogation of the binary oppositions that constitute its structures. Accordingly, post-structuralism discards the idea of interpreting media (or the world) within pre-established, socially c

Objectivism is a philosophical system named and developed by Russian-American writer and philosopher Ayn Rand. She described it as "the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute".

predominant philosophical movement in Germany around 1800

upright=1.0|thumb|Aristotle by Francesco Hayez, 1811

revival in the study of classical antiquity

The Narodniks were members of a movement of the Russian Empire intelligentsia in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarism. Their ideology, known as Narodism, Narodnism, or '''''', was a form of agrarian socialism, though it is often misunderstood as populism.

thumb|225px|right|The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters by [[Francisco Goya is interpreted to be a statement on irrationalism.]] Irrationalism is a philosophical movement that emerged in the early 19th century, emphasizing the non-rational dimension of human life, and criticising rationalism. As they reject logic, irrationalists argue that instinct and feelings are superior to reason in the research of knowledge. The term has often been used as a pejorative designation of criticisms against rationalism as a whole.

intellectual movement in 18th–19th century Scotland

Early Christian center of biblical study

thumb|Clockwise from top left: Henri Bergson|Bergson, Dilthey, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. ' (; meaning "philosophy of life'") was a dominant philosophical movement of German-speaking countries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which had developed out of German Romanticism. emphasised the meaning, value and purpose of life as the foremost focus of philosophy.

atheistic religion founded by Anton LaVey, in which Satan is a symbol of human freedom, but not believed to be a separately existing supernatural being

questioning the possibility of certainty, or of judgement, due to inadequate evidence

perennial philosophy

Posthumanism or post-humanism (meaning "after humanism" or "beyond humanism") is an idea in continental philosophy and critical theory responding to the presence of anthropocentrism in 21st-century thought.

Dataism is a term that has been used to describe the mindset or philosophy created by the emerging significance of big data. It was first used by David Brooks in The New York Times in 2013. The term has been expanded to describe what historian Yuval Noah Harari, in his book Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow from 2015, calls an emerging ideology or even a new form of religion, in which "information flow" is the "supreme value". In art, the term was used by Albert-Laszlo Barabasi to refer to an artist movement that uses data as its primary source of inspiration.

art that uses the Internet as a medium or subject

philosophical theory of mind that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are

philosophical movement

Russian movement in the 1860s that rejected all authorities

Metamodernism (from meta-, in reference to metaxy, and modernism) is the term for a cultural discourse and paradigm that has emerged after postmodernism. It refers to new forms of contemporary art and theory that respond to modernism and postmodernism and integrate aspects of both together. Metamodernism reflects an oscillation between, or synthesis of, different "cultural logics" such as modern idealism and postmodern skepticism, modern sincerity and postmodern irony, and other seemingly opposed concepts.

group of theologians and philosophers at the University of Cambridge in the middle of the 17th century

thumb|alt= .|Blessed John Duns Scotus (c.1265-1308), the [[eponym of Scotism.]]

thumb|Augustine of Hippo, after whom Augustinianism is named

Neo-scholasticism (also known as neo-scholastic Thomism or neo-Thomism because of the great influence of the writings of Thomas Aquinas on the movement) is a revival and development of medieval scholasticism in Catholic theology and philosophy which began in the second half of the 19th century.

Swarāj (IAST: , ) can mean, generally self-governance or "self-rule". The term was used, in its modern political sense, as early as 1852. A mention of swaraj appears in the Anglo-Marathi journal or the periodical Dnyanodaya, in the issue that was published on 15 May, 1852 (The Dnyanodaya, Bombay, 1852, vol. xi, pp. 154–155). It was also used synonymously with "home-rule" by Mahatma Gandhi, and the word usually refers to Gandhi's concept of Indian independence from foreign domination. Swaraj lays stress on governance, not by a hierarchical government, but by self-governance through individuals

intellectual movement in the second half of the 20th century

Japanese philosophical movement centered at Kyoto University

philosophical movement

philosophical union of Judeo-Christian ethics and humanist principles

realist school of philosophy

French philosophers

right|thumb|Luis de Molina, the namesake of Molinism

framework for integrating diverse theories (Ken Wilber)

Samyama (from Sanskrit संयम saṃ-yama—holding together, tying up, binding, integration) is the combined simultaneous practice of dhāraṇā (concentration), dhyāna (meditation) and samādhi (union).

The were the intellectuals of the 18th-century European Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philosophy, history, science, politics, economics, and social issues. They had a critical eye and looked for weaknesses and failures that needed improvement. They promoted a "Republic of Letters" that crossed national boundaries and allowed intellectuals to freely exchange books and ideas. Most philosophes were men, but some were women.

interdisciplinary school (mainly philosophy, logic and psychology)

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group of philosophers and psychologists

thumb|William of Ockham, the [[eponym of Occamism.]]

Origenism refers to a set of beliefs attributed to the Christian theologian Origen of Alexandria. The main principles of Origenism include allegorical interpretation of scripture, pre-existence, and subordinationism. Origen's thought was influenced by Philo the Jew, Platonism and Clement of Alexandria.

tertiary education institute

200px|thumbnail|right|Trivialism in First-order logic#Logical symbols|symbolic logic; Read as "given any proposition, it is a true proposition."