Physics beyond the Standard Model

mysterious non-luminous matter (and/or radiation) comprising most of the matter in our observable universe

particle collider

physical theory of quantized one-dimensional objects with conformal symmetry, which can describe gravitation, gauge theory and other phenomena

field of theoretical physics

Supersymmetry is a theoretical framework in physics that suggests the existence of a symmetry between particles with integer spin (bosons) and particles with half-integer spin (fermions). It proposes that for every known particle, there exists a partner particle with different spin properties. There have been multiple experiments on supersymmetry that have failed to provide evidence that it exists in nature. If evidence is found, supersymmetry could help explain certain phenomena, such as the nature of dark matter and the hierarchy problem in particle physics.

hypothetical single, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics

theory of strings with supersymmetry

quantum field theory in which the three gauge groups of the standard model combine into subgroups of a larger gauge group

In theoretical physics, supergravity (supergravity theory; SUGRA for short) is a modern field theory that combines the principles of supersymmetry and general relativity; this is in contrast to non-gravitational supersymmetric theories such as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Supergravity is the gauge theory of local supersymmetry. Since the supersymmetry (SUSY) generators form together with the Poincaré algebra and superalgebra, called the super-Poincaré algebra, supersymmetry as a gauge theory makes gravity arise in a natural way.

The Tevatron was a circular particle accelerator (active until 2011) in the United States, at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (called Fermilab), east of Batavia, Illinois, and was the highest energy particle collider until the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) was built near Geneva, Switzerland. The Tevatron was a synchrotron that accelerated protons and antiprotons in a circumference ring to energies of up to 1 TeV, hence its name. The Tevatron was completed in 1983 at a cost of $120 million and significant upgrade investments were

theory that attempts to canonically quantize gravity via Ashtekar variables

hypothetical decay process of a nucleon (proton or neutron) into non-nucleons (anything else)

type of physical field theory unifying fundamental forces

An axion () is a hypothetical elementary particle originally theorized in 1978 independently by Frank Wilczek and Steven Weinberg as the Goldstone boson of Peccei–Quinn theory, which had been proposed in 1977 to solve the strong CP problem in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). If axions exist and have low mass within a specific range, they are of interest as a possible component of cold dark matter.

phenomenon in which a neutrino changes lepton flavor as it travels

field theory on a spacetime with small, compact extra dimensions beyond the large observed dimensions

alternative explanation of the non-Newtonian rotation of galaxies

plot of the orbital speeds of visible stars or gas in that galaxy versus their radial distance from that galaxy’s center

violation of CP (charge-parity) symmetry in particle physics and cosmology

is a neutrino observatory located under Mount Ikeno near the city of Hida, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo with the help of an international team. It is located 1,000 m (3,300 ft) underground in the Mozumi Mine in Hida's Kamioka area. The observatory was designed to detect high-energy neutrinos, to search for proton decay, study solar and atmospheric neutrinos, and keep watch for supernovae in the Milky Way galaxy.

dark matter candidate

why is gravity weaker, compared to other fundamental forces

theories attempting to explain the deficiencies of the Standard Model, Quantum field theory and general relativity

underground laboratory in Ontario, Canada

physics laboratory in Assergi, Italy

theoretical elementary particle

physical model in which electroweak symmetry is broken by a gauge-theoretic mechanism (instead of a Higgs boson)

generic model for masses of neutrinos relative to the quarks and charged leptons

hypothetical counterpart to ordinary matter

major unsolved problem in physics

formulation of general relativity

extension to the Standard Model

theory that tries to give a quantum field description of gravity

supersymmetric extension to the Standard Model

In physics, a dyon is a hypothetical particle in 4-dimensional theories with both electric and magnetic charges. A dyon with a zero electric charge is usually referred to as a magnetic monopole. Many Grand Unified Theories predict the existence of both magnetic monopoles and dyons.

proposed resolution to the strong CP problem

proposed higher dimensions of space and time

preonic model of sub-quark particle physics

nuclear physics process that has not been observed yet

energy scale (10¹⁶ GeV) at which the electroweak interaction and the strong interaction may unify

Indian physics research project

interactions between elementary particles that change a particle’s flavor without changing its electric charge

2011 experiment which mistakenly seemed to show faster-than-light travel

theory of fundamental physics

dark matter weakly interacting massive particles candidates with masses less than 1 GeV