Pidgins and creoles

stable natural languages that have developed from a pidgin

A pidgin , or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified form of contact language that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from several languages. It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside (but where there is no common language between the groups).

Austronesian language of Papua New Guinea

Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and Bangladesh

Surzhyk (Ukrainian and Russian: , , ) is a mixture between Ukrainian and Russian languages, used in certain regions of Ukraine and the neighboring regions of Russia and Moldova. The phenomenon of surzhyk is commonly interpreted as an application of Russian-language words and idioms in combination with Ukrainian speech, which makes it essentially a heavily Russified version of colloquial Ukrainian, although the opposite process can also take place.

contact language from mutually intelligible dialects of the same language

lingua franca of the Mediterranean Basin between the 11th and 19th centuries

sign language, used particularly at international meetings

language of the Vedda people

In linguistics, relexification is a mechanism of language change by which one language changes much or all of its lexicon, including basic vocabulary, to the lexicon of another language, without drastically changing the relexified language's grammar. The term is principally used to describe pidgins, creoles, and mixed languages.

Decreolization is a postulated phenomenon whereby over time a creole language reconverges with the lexifier from which it originally derived. The notion has attracted criticism from linguists who argue there is little theoretical or empirical basis on which to postulate a process of language change which is particular to creole languages.

creole language

variety of mixed languages mainly spoken in the townships of Gauteng province

Wikimedia list article

dialect continuum of varieties of a creole language between those most and least similar to the superstrate language

English language words

REDIRECT Creole language

linguistic theory of creole language innovations

mixed language in Indonesia