Political terminology

political slogan

thumb|upright=1.35 |Trofim Lysenko speaking at the Kremlin in 1935; behind him are (left to right) [[Stanislav Kosior, Anastas Mikoyan, Andrei Andreev and Joseph Stalin]] Lysenkoism was a pseudoscientific political campaign led by the Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenko against genetics and science-based agriculture in the mid-20th century, rejecting natural selection in favour of a form of Lamarckism, as well as expanding upon the techniques of vernalization and grafting.

A caucus is a group or meeting of supporters or members of a specific political party or movement. The exact definition varies between different countries and political cultures.

top-down effort to influence particular attitudes and social behaviors on a large scale by government, media, academia or other groups

One or multiple governing parties that hold an absolute majority of seats in a legislature

site of ballot casting in elections

Clientelism or client politics is the exchange of goods and services for political support, often involving an implicit or explicit quid-pro-quo. It is closely related to patronage politics and vote buying.

political science concept: what a 'minimal' state hypothetically consists of

two types of rights theoretically distinct according to philosophers and political scientists

thumb|Lustration map of Europe, with green representing some form of lustration; pink no lustration; and grey not a former Warsaw Pact member Lustration in Central and Eastern Europe is the official public procedure of scrutinizing a public official or a candidate for public office in terms of their history as a witting confidential collaborator (informant) of relevant former communist secret police, an activity widely condemned by the public opinion of those states as morally corrupt due to its essential role in suppressing political opposition and enabling persecution of dissidents. Surfacin

state wielding power within a geographic region

Marxist social class concept

honorific title

political party official responsible for party organisation and discipline in a legislature

political concept

political ideology and movement that combines left-wing political positions with populist rhetoric emphasizing opposition to elites and advocacy for social and economic equality

heterodox macroeconomic theory

illustration used to comment on current events and personalities

discrimination on the basis of social class

divergence of political attitudes to ideological extremes

A usurper is an illegitimate or controversial claimant to power, often but not always in a monarchy. In other words, one who takes the power of a country, city, or established region for oneself, without any formal or legal right to claim it as one's own. Usurpers can rise to power in a region by often unexpected physical force such as via a coup d'état, as well as through political influence and deceit.

Sinocentrism refers to a worldview that China is the cultural, political, or economic center of the world. Sinocentrism was a core concept in various Chinese dynasties. The Chinese considered themselves to be "all-under-Heaven", ruled by the emperor, known as Son of Heaven. Those that lived outside of the Huaxia were regarded as "barbarians". In addition, states outside of China, such as Vietnam, Japan or Korea, were considered to be vassals of China.

type of state

part of Ottoman Armenia and Persian that was merged with the Russian empire

political ideology

Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, three South American countries

form of communism in the Hungarian People's Republic from the 1960s until the Central European collapse of communism in 1989

attempt to lay down norms defining preferred or "correct" use of language

set of measures taken by states, people and international organizations to ensure mutual survival and safety

Lookism is prejudice or discrimination toward people who are considered to be physically unattractive, and can include basing one's judgment of another person's other qualities, such as intelligence and abilities, on a person’s physical appearance. It occurs in a variety of settings, including dating, social environments, and workplaces. Lookism has received less cultural attention than other forms of discrimination (such as racism and sexism) and typically does not have the legal protections that other forms often have, but it is still widespread and can significantly affect people's opportun

strategy for evasion of accountability by preventing proof of responsibility

thumb|José Clemente Orozco's painting The Demagogue, 1946

Radicalization (or radicalisation), also known as extremization (or extremisation), is the process by which an individual or a group comes to adopt increasingly radical views in opposition to a political, social, or religious status quo. The ideas of society at large shape the outcomes of radicalization. Radicalization can result in both violent and nonviolent action – academic literature focuses on radicalization into violent extremism (RVE) or radicalisation leading to acts of terrorism. Multiple separate pathways can promote the process of radicalization, which can be independent but are us

A camarilla is a group of courtiers or favourites who surround a king or ruler. Usually, they do not hold any office or have any official authority at the royal court but influence their ruler behind the scenes. Consequently, they also escape having to bear responsibility for the effects of their advice. The term derives from the Spanish word camarilla (diminutive of cámara), meaning 'little chamber' or private cabinet of the king. It was first used of the circle of cronies around Spanish King Ferdinand VII (reigned 1814–1833). The term involves what is known as cronyism. The term also e

concept of the sovereignty of nation-states in Europe

political ideology

communist term for social democracy

Co-option, also known as co-optation and sometimes spelt cooption or cooptation, is a term with three common meanings. It may refer to:

Sovereigntism, sovereignism or souverainism (from , ) is the notion of having control over one's conditions of existence, whether at the level of the self, social group, region, nation or globe. Typically used for describing the acquiring or preserving political independence of a nation or a region, a sovereigntist aims to "take back control" from perceived powerful forces, either against internal subversive minority groups (ethnic, sexual or gender), or from external global governance institutions, federalism and supranational unions. It generally leans instead toward isolationism, and can be

sociological concept

propaganda term to refer to the Western Bloc

practice where a newly elected political party gives civil service jobs to supporters and cronies

Entryism (also called entrism, enterism, infiltration, a French Turn, boring from within, or boring-from-within) is a political strategy in which an organization or state encourages its members or supporters to join another, usually larger, organization in an attempt to expand influence and expand their ideas and program. If the organization being "entered" is hostile to entryism, the entryists may engage in a degree of subterfuge and subversion to hide the fact that they are an organization in their own right.

organization that pools contributions from members and donates those funds to campaign for or against candidates, ballot initiatives, or legislation

state system where the government is tied with organized crime

thumb|right|220px|A statue of Julius Caesar, in the city of Rimini, Italy

Westernizers (; , ) were a group of 19th-century intellectuals who believed that Russia's development depended upon the adoption of Western European technology and liberal government. In their view, Western ideas such as industrialisation needed to be implemented throughout Russia to make it a more successful country. The Russian term was ' (, "westernism"), and its adherents were known as the ' (, "westernists").

political organization for younger people

classification of criminal offences

political doctrine which supports acquiring or preserving political autonomy of a nation or a region

In the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, thoughtcrime, also known as crimethink in the official language of Newspeak, is the offense of thinking in ways not approved by the ruling Ingsoc party. It describes the intellectual actions of a person who entertains and holds politically unacceptable thoughts; thus the government of The Party controls the speech, actions, and thoughts of the citizens of Oceania.

political term

conservative ideology advocating for the preservation of cultural traditions

colours used to represent a political ideology, movement or party

Nation considered an outcast by the international community

thumb|A Soviet Lavochkin La-7 fighter aircraft that crash-landed in [[Sweden after being flown there by a defecting pilot, May 1949]]

ancient proverb

thumb|500x500px|The "three worlds" of the Cold War era, as of the period between 30 April and 24 June 1975. Neutral and non-aligned countries shown in grey.

ideology which states that social classes should collaborate with each other