Protestant Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation, was a time of major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church hierarchy. Towards the end of the Renaissance, the Reformation marked the beginning of Protestantism. It is considered one of the events that signified the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in Europe.

massacre of the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) by the French government, 1572

thumb|upright=1.2|Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy depicting the "[[Triumph of Orthodoxy" over iconoclasm under the Byzantine empress Theodora and her son Michael III, late 14th to early 15th century]]

politic and religious league

series of wars waged in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries

Anabaptist movement concurrent with the Protestant Reformation

1573 statute on religious freedom in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

monument in Geneva, Switzerland

type of christian relic

Protestant movement of the 15th century

Latin phrase

A Nicodemite () is a person suspected of publicly misrepresenting their religious faith to conceal their true beliefs. The term is sometimes defined as referring to a Protestant who lived in a Catholic country and escaped persecution by concealing their Protestantism.

Crypto-Calvinism is a pejorative term describing a segment of those members of the Lutheran Church in Germany who were accused of secretly subscribing to Calvinist doctrine of the Eucharist in the decades immediately after the death of Martin Luther in 1546. It denotes what was seen as a hidden (crypto- from meaning "to hide, conceal, to be hid") Calvinist belief, i.e., the doctrines of John Calvin, by members of the Lutheran Church. The term crypto-Calvinist in Lutheranism was preceded by terms Zwinglian and Sacramentarian. Also, Jansenism has been accused of crypto-Calvinism by Roman Catholi

statutes, conditions and activities of women during the Reformation

The Spirituali were members of a reform movement within the Catholic Church, which existed from the 1530s to the 1560s. The movement is sometimes also called evangelism.

thumb|right|upright=1.3|Reading of the Confessio Augustana by Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Augsburg, 1530 The Sacramentarians were Christians during the Protestant Reformation who denied not only the Roman Catholic transubstantiation but also the Lutheran sacramental union (as well as similar doctrines such as consubstantiation).

Crypto-Protestantism is a historical phenomenon that first arose on the territory of the Habsburg Empire, and in France after the Edict of Fontainebleau in 1685 until the Edict of Versailles issued by Louis XVI in 1787, but also elsewhere in Europe and Spanish America, at a time when Catholic rulers tried, after the Protestant Reformation, to reestablish Catholicism in parts of the Empire that had become Protestant after the Reformation. The Protestants in these areas strove to retain their own confession inwardly while they outwardly pretended to accept Catholicism. With the Patent of Tolerat

Movement within the Protestant Reformation

protestant Reformation: 16th century, Europe