Protestant Reformation

Also known as Reformation

The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation, was a time of major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church hierarchy. Towards the end of the Renaissance, the Reformation marked the beginning of Protestantism. It is considered one of the events that signified the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in Europe.

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The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century religious movement in Europe that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and the pope, ultimately giving rise to Protestantism. It matters because historians consider it one of the major events that marked the transition from the Middle Ages to the early modern period in Europe.

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Commons category: Reformation
start time: 1517-10-31
end time: 1648-00-00
subject named as: Reformation

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~139 min read

Article

86 sections

Contents

Terminology
Background
Calamities
Late Medieval Christianity
Lay community
Sources of authority
Clergy
Papacy
Partial and failed institutional reforms
Humanism
Dissidents
Beginnings
Luther and the ''Ninety-five Theses''
New theology
Spread
Printing
Preachers
Cities
Conflict and Control
Resistance and oppression
Alternatives
Saxon radicals and rebellious knights
Zwingli
Swiss Brethren
Peasants' War
Consolidation
Princely Reformation in Germany
Stalemate in Switzerland
''Schleitheim Articles''
Confessions
Royal Reformation in Scandinavia
Catholic reform
Beginnings
New Orders
Council of Trent
New waves
English reformation under Henry VIII
Münster
Calvin and the ''Institutes of the Christian Religion''
Reformation in Britain
Servetus and the ''Restoration of Christianity''
Wars of religion and tolerance
Schmalkaldic Wars
French Wars of Religion
Revolt in the Netherlands
Edict of Torda
Warsaw Confederation
Regional conflicts {{anchor |Counter-Reformation and regional conflicts}}
Reformation outside Germany
Nordic countries
Iceland
Great Britain
England
English North America
Wales
Scotland
France
Spain
Italy
Slovenia
Greece
Spread
Conclusion and legacy
Thirty Years' War: 1618–1648
Consequences of the Reformation
Radical Reformation
Literacy
Outcomes
Human capital formation
Protestant ethic {{anchor|Protestant work ethic}}
Economic development
Modern states
World demographics
Other outcomes
Historiography
Music and art
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Surveys
Theology
Primary sources in translation
Historiography
External links

The Reformation is usually dated from Martin Luther's publication of the Ninety-five Theses in 1517, which gave birth to Lutheranism. Prior to Martin Luther and other Protestant Reformers, there were earlier reform movements within Western Christianity. The end of the Reformation era is disputed among modern scholars.