Proto-evolutionary biologists

Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer (1712-1778)

French naturalist (1744-1829)

British political economist (1766–1834)

German philosopher, theologian, poet (1744–1803)

Chinese Taoist philosopher (c. 369–286 BC)

French natural historian (1707-1788)

English polymath, mathematician, astronomer, chemist, inventor and photographer (*1792 – †1871)

Scottish geologist, physician, chemical manufacturer, naturalist, and experimental agriculturalist; (1726-1797)

German Jesuit scholar (1601 or 1602-1680)

French mathematician, philosopher and man of letters

Baltic German scientist (1792-1876)

German botanist and philosopher (1804-1881)

English physician (1731-1802)

Swiss botanist (1778–1841)

French naturalist who established the principle of "unity of composition" (1772-1844)

German physician, naturalist, physiologist, and anthropologist (1752 – 1840)

Danish zoologist (1745–1808)

French naturalist (1756-1825)

French naturalist (1783-1840)

French naturalist (1727-1806)

English zoologist and pharmacist (1810–1873)

Genevan philosopher and naturalist (1720–1793)

German geologist (1774-1853)

French physiologist and materialist philosopher (1757-1808)

Italian philosopher

French biologist (1773-1838)

Scottish physician, anatomist, zoologist and ethnologist (1791-1862)

Austrian geologist, physician and botanist (1794-1881)

Scottish publisher and writer (1802–1871)

German botanist (1824-1877)

Baltic German scientist (1815-1891)

German naturalist (1813-1887)

anatomist/zoologist (1793-1874)

German botanist (1750-1816)

16th century English Protestant reformer, physician and natural historian

French naturalist, geographer and officer (1778-1846)

British scientist; (1774-1854)

German biologist (1776-1837)

German botanist (1772-1850)

German botanist and zoologist (1733-1806)

Austrian botanist and paleontologist (1800-1870)

French scientist (1735-1820)

French botanist (1747-1827)

German anatomist (1781-1833)

Scottish judge, scholar of language evolution and philosopher

German scientist (1800-1862)

English physician and anthropologist

Italian zoologist (1814-1867)

Scottish-American physician and printer

British botanist, botanical illustrator, poet, and clergyman (1778–1847)

German zoologist

Italian naturalist, mineralogist and geologist (1772-1826)

French naturalists, biologist and diplomat (1656-1738)

French naturalist and botanist (1815-1899)

English botanist (1804–1881)

Belgian geologist (1783-1875)

German anatomist (1816–1893)

colonial American doctor and botanist (1711-1768)

English mathematician (1796-1860)

British scientist