Quantum phases

Helium (from ) is a chemical element; it has symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas and the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is the lowest among all the elements, and it does not have a melting point at standard pressures. It is the second-lightest and second-most abundant element in the observable universe, after hydrogen. It is present at about 24% of the total elemental mass, which is more than 12 times the mass of all the heavier elements combined. Its abundance is similar to this in both the Sun and

Graphene () is a variety of the element carbon which occurs naturally in small amounts. In graphene, the carbon forms a sheet of interlocked atoms as hexagons one carbon atom thick. The result resembles the face of a honeycomb. When many hundreds of graphene layers build up, they are called graphite.

thumb|A magnet made of [[alnico, a ferromagnetic iron alloy, with its keeper]] thumb|Paramagnetism, ferromagnetism, and spin waves Ferromagnetism is a property of certain materials (such as iron) that results in a significant, observable magnetic permeability, and in many cases, a significant magnetic coercivity, allowing the material to form a permanent magnet. Ferromagnetic materials are noticeably attracted to a magnet, which is a consequence of their substantial magnetic permeability.

thumb|Liquid oxygen (blue) can be suspended between the poles of a strong magnet as a result of its paramagnetism.

lowest possible energy of a quantum system or field

thumb|Antiferromagnetic ordering thumb|Magnetic orders : comparison between ferro, antiferro and ferrimagnetism

thumb|Ferrimagnetic ordering thumb|Magnetic orders: comparison between ferro, antiferro and ferrimagnetism thumb|Ferrite magnets. Ferrite (magnet)|Ferrite, a [[ceramic compound, is one of the most common examples of a ferrimagnetic material.]] A ferrimagnetic material is a material that has populations of atoms with opposing magnetic moments, as in antiferromagnetism, but these moments are unequal in magnitude, so a spontaneous magnetization remains. This can, for example, occur when the populations consist of different atoms or ions (such as Fe2+ and Fe3+).

In condensed matter physics, a quasiparticle is a concept used to describe a collective behavior of a group of particles that can be treated as if they were a single particle. Formally, quasiparticles and collective excitations are closely related phenomena that arise when a microscopically complicated system such as a solid behaves as if it contained different weakly interacting particles in vacuum.

physical phenomenon in which the vacuum expectation value of a field is not invariant under a symmetry of the action, so that a symmetry present at high temperatures is broken at low temperatures

pair of electrons or other fermions bound together at low temperature allowing for superconductivity

a quantum-mechanical version of the Hall effect

non-classical state of matter

phase of a cycle

physical phenomenon in which the Hall conductance of 2D electrons shows precisely quantized plateaus at fractional values of e²/h

materials classically predicted to be conductors, that are actually insulators

system that exhibits quantum mechanical effects at the macroscopic level, such as superfluids, superconductors, ultracold atoms, etc.

transition between different phases of matter at zero temperature

processes showing quantum behavior at the macroscopic scale, rather than at the atomic scale where quantum effects are prevalent; macroscopic scale quantum coherence leads to macroscopic quantum phenomena

order at absolute zero characterized by robust ground state degeneracy, quantized non-Abelian geometric phases, anyonic excitations, and long-range entanglement

point in the phase diagram of a material where a continuous phase transition takes place at absolute zero

Mictomagnetism is a spin system in which various exchange interactions are mixed. It is observed in several kinds of alloys, including Cu–Mn, Fe–Al and Ni–Mn alloys. Cooled in zero magnetic field, these materials have low remanence and coercivity. Cooled in a magnetic field, they have much larger remanence, and the hysteresis loop is shifted in the direction opposite to the field (an effect similar to exchange bias).

the topological bound state of an electron and an even number of quantized vortices, sometimes visually pictured as the bound state of an electron and, attached, an even number of magnetic flux quanta