Rationalists

Plato ( ; Greek: , ; born  BC, died 348/347 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher of Classical Athens who is most commonly considered the foundational thinker of the Western philosophical tradition. An innovator of the literary dialogue and dialectic forms, Plato influenced all the major areas of theoretical philosophy and practical philosophy, and was the founder of the Academy, a philosophical school in Athens where Plato taught the collection of philosophical theories that would later become known as Platonism.

French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist (1596–1650)

Christian theologian, philosopher, and saint (354–430)

German mathematician and philosopher (1646–1716)

Avram Noam Chomsky is an American intellectual, philosopher, linguist, political activist, and social critic. Sometimes called "the father of modern linguistics", Chomsky is also a major figure in analytic philosophy and one of the founders of the field of cognitive science. He is a laureate professor of linguistics at the University of Arizona and an institute professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Among the most cited living authors, Chomsky has written more than 150 books on topics such as linguistics, war, and politics. In addition to his work in linguistics, since the 1960s, Chomsky has been an influential voice on the American Left as a consistent critic of the foreign policy of the United States, contemporary capitalism, and corporatocracy.

Dutch philosopher (1632-1677)

Austrian-British philosopher of science and social and política e falsificationism and for criticism of Plato, Hegel and Marx as totalitarian opponents of open society (1902-1994)

Dutch jurist and scholar (1583-1645)

Spanish-American philosopher

Bonaventure ( ; ; ; born Giovanni di Fidanza; 1221 – 15 July 1274) was an Italian Catholic Franciscan bishop, cardinal, scholastic theologian and philosopher.

French philosopher, mathematician, and political scientist (1743-1794)

'''Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri (; December 973May 1057), also known by his Latin name Abulola Moarrensis''', was an Arab philosopher, poet, and writer from Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Emirate of Aleppo (in present day Syria). Because of his antireligious worldview, he is known as one of the "foremost atheists" of his time", although his worldview was closer to deism. However, in his defensive treatise Zajr al-Nabeh (The Repelling of the Barker)—a manuscript edited and published in 1965—al-Ma'arri explicitly identified himself as a faithful Muslim and systematically refuted the accusations of heresy leveled

French philosopher, sociologist, journalist, and political scientist (1905–1983)

German philosopher (1679–1754)

French philosopher

Irish philosopher (1670-1722)

German theologian, philosopher, and comparative religionist (1869-1937)

American philosopher (1935–2017)

Argentine-Canadian philosopher (1919-2020)

English philosopher

French philosopher

French philosopher (1904-1995)

British zoologist (1847-1929)

German-American professor of political and social ethics, rationalist, and lecturer (1851-1933)

German philosopher and educator (1846–1908)

American philosopher (1929–2023)

German theologian

Dutch minister and author

British writer (1867–1955)

American philosopher and academic

Italian academic and philosopher (1550–1631)

English socialist, social psychologist, educationalist (1858–1932)

Dutch Reformed theologian (1854-1921)

German theologian (1761-1851)

Scottish journalist and rationalist (1856–1933)

American philosopher (1949–2022)

British publisher and social reformer

Polish social and political activist, poet and writer (1864-1921)

American philosopher (1952-)

American philosopher (1926–2021)

American publisher and activist (1889–1951)

French philosopher

Spanish philosopher

German philosopher

Slovenian philosopher

American writer

Romanian translator and philosopher

British philosopher (1938–1998)

Spanish writer, feminist and anarchist (1881-1959)

Romanian pathologist, physiologist and anthropologist

English banker, writer and anthropologist (1840-1930)

Romanian social scientist

Danish writer and judge

Romanian philosopher, essayist, and concert pianist

Romanian literary and social critic, essayist, and literary historian