Reaction mechanisms

upright=1.6|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|right|Sodium "gives" one outer electron to [[fluorine, bonding them to form sodium fluoride. The sodium atom is oxidized, and fluorine is reduced.]] thumb|right|upright=1.25|When a few drops of glycerol (mild reducing agent) are added to powdered [[potassium permanganate (strong oxidizing agent), a violent redox reaction accompanied by self-ignition starts.]]

energy that must be input to a system to undergo a reaction or process

chemical reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger one (the adduct)

Photodissociation, photolysis, photodecomposition, or photofragmentation is a chemical reaction in which molecules of a chemical compound are broken down by absorption of light (photons). It is defined as the interaction of one or more photons with one target molecule that dissociates into two fragments.

type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one or two-step mechanism

any model explaining a chemical reaction

In chemistry, protonation (or hydronation) is the adding of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), usually denoted by H+, to an atom, molecule, or ion, forming a conjugate acid. (The complementary process, when a proton is removed from a Brønsted–Lowry acid, is deprotonation.) Some examples include The protonation of water by sulfuric acid: H2SO4 + H2O H3O+ + The protonation of isobutene in the formation of a carbocation: (CH3)2C=CH2 + HBF4 (CH3)3C+ + The protonation of ammonia in the formation of ammonium chloride from ammonia and hydrogen chloride: NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s)

chemical reaction which attaches an electrophile to an aromatic ring

molecular entity that is formed from the reactants (or preceding intermediates) and reacts further to give the directly observed products of a chemical reaction

A nucleophilic substitution reaction with a carbocation intermediate

thumb|300x300px|Deprotonation of acetic acid by a hydroxide ion Deprotonation (or dehydronation) is the removal (transfer) of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), (H+) from a Brønsted–Lowry acid in an acid–base reaction. The species formed is the conjugate base of that acid. The complementary process, when a proton is added (transferred) to a Brønsted–Lowry base, is protonation (or hydronation). The species formed is the conjugate acid of that base.

(reaction) addition reaction where, in a chemical compound, a π bond is broken and two new σ bonds are formed. The substrate of an electrophilic addition reaction must have a double bond or triple bond

molecular fragment that departs with a pair of electrons in heterolytic bond cleavage

substitution reaction with a tetrahedral intermediate

addition reaction where a chemical compound with an electron-deficient or electrophilic double or triple bond, a π bond,reacts with electron-rich reactant (nucleophile),with disappearance of the double bond and creation of two new single, or σ, bonds

thumb|261x261px|Non-ionic Cycloadditions In organic chemistry, a cycloaddition is a chemical reaction in which "two or more unsaturated molecules (or parts of the same molecule) combine with the formation of a cyclic adduct in which there is a net reduction of the bond multiplicity". The resulting reaction is a cyclization reaction. Many but not all cycloadditions are concerted and thus pericyclic. Nonconcerted cycloadditions are not pericyclic. As a class of addition reaction, cycloadditions permit carbon–carbon bond formation without the use of a nucleophile or electrophile.

substitution reaction in organic chemistry

organic chemical reaction wherein the transition state of the molecule has a cyclic geometry, the reaction progresses in concert, and the bond orbitals involved overlap in a continuous cycle at the transition state

chemical reaction mechanism

relocation of an electron from an atom or molecule to another

polymerization process involving free radicals as repeating units

type of reaction in organometallic chemistry

an arrangement of atoms in an arbitrary region near the saddle point of a potential energy surface

substitution reaction in organic chemistry involving free radicals

multistep reaction mechanism that involves a catalyst

Transmetalation (alt. spelling: transmetallation) is a type of organometallic reaction that involves the transfer of ligands from one metal to another. It has the general form: M1–R + M2–R′ → M1–R′ + M2–R where R and R′ can be, but are not limited to, an alkyl, aryl, alkynyl, allyl, halogen, or pseudohalogen group. The reaction is usually an irreversible process due to thermodynamic and kinetic reasons. Thermodynamics will favor the reaction based on the electronegativities of the metals and kinetics will favor the reaction if there are empty orbitals on both metals. There are different types

chemical reaction

addition reaction in organic chemistry involving free radicals

chemical reaction

equation used in chemical kinetics to describe changes in the rate of a chemical reaction with temperature

protons hopping across a series of hydrogen bonds between hydronium ions and water molecules

elimination reaction which occurs under basic conditions where the hydrogen to be removed is relatively acidic, while the leaving group is a relatively poor one

process which decreases the fluorescence intensity of a given substance

phenomenon in physical organic chemistry

type of mathematical model

type of organic chemical reaction

electrochemical processes involving photons and the emission or absorption of light

Inorganic chemistry

In chemistry, Si (substitution nucleophilic internal) refers to a specific, regio-selective but not often encountered reaction mechanism for nucleophilic aliphatic substitution. The name was introduced by Cowdrey et al. in 1937 to label nucleophilic reactions which occur with retention of configuration, but later was employed to describe various reactions that proceed with a similar mechanism.

thumb|Course of a redox-initiated methyl methacrylate substance polymerization with clearly visible Trommsdorff-Norrish-effect / autoacceleration

mechanism for unimolecular reactions

reaction mechanism in ring systems

class of chemical reaction in which a neutral hydrogen is abstracted from a substrate

experimental chemistry technique which uses inert gases to isolate and stabilize normally unstable intermediates, free radicals, and ions

chemical reaction that triggers one or more secondary reactions

transformation of Fe(OH)2 into Fe3O4 with hydrogen release

dependence of chemical properties on which solvent is used

technique to describe progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms

class of chemical reaction

type of substitution reaction in organic chemistry

behavior of molecules in solvent as encapsulated particles