Russian philosophy

alt=|thumb|Contemporary map of the Slavic people|Slavic-speaking countries of [[Europe. South Slavs appear in dark green, East Slavs in green, and West Slavs in light green.]] Pan-Slavism is a political ideology that originated in the mid-19th century, emphasizing integrity and unity among the Slavic peoples. Its main impact occurred in the Balkans, where non-Slavic empires had ruled the South Slavs for centuries. These were mainly the Byzantine Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Venice.

The Narodniks were members of a movement of the Russian Empire intelligentsia in the 1860s and 1870s, some of whom became involved in revolutionary agitation against tsarism. Their ideology, known as Narodism, Narodnism, or '''''', was a form of agrarian socialism, though it is often misunderstood as populism.

Eurasianism ( ) is a socio-political movement in Russia that emerged in the early 20th century under the Russian Empire, which states that Russia does not belong in the "European" or "Asian" categories but instead to the geopolitical concept of Eurasia and the "Russian world", forming an ostensibly standalone Russian civilization. The ideology is geopolitical, similar to Atlanticism and Gulfism.

1886 novella by Leo Tolstoy

Slavophilia () was a movement originating from the 19th century that wanted the Russian Empire to be developed on the basis of values and institutions derived from Russia's early history. Slavophiles opposed the influences of Western Europe in Russia. Depending on the historical context, the opposite of Slavophilia could be seen as Slavophobia (a fear of Slavic culture) or also what some Russian intellectuals (such as Ivan Aksakov) called zapadnichestvo (westernism). For example:

imperialist concept related to Russian cultural and political hegemony in Russian state ideology

the idea that Moscow (and therefore Russia) is the successor of the Roman empire

philosophical and cultural movement that emerged in Russia in the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries

geopolitical book

Russian movement in the 1860s that rejected all authorities

Westernizers (; , ) were a group of 19th-century intellectuals who believed that Russia's development depended upon the adoption of Western European technology and liberal government. In their view, Western ideas such as industrialisation needed to be implemented throughout Russia to make it a more successful country. The Russian term was ' (, "westernism"), and its adherents were known as the ' (, "westernists").

steamships which transported intellectuals expelled from Soviet Union in 1922; mainly 2 German ships, Oberbürgermeister Haken and Preussen, which transported >160 Russian intellectuals and their families in Sept.–Nov. 1922 from Petrograd to Stettin

Pochvennichestvo ( ; , roughly "return to the native soil", from почва "soil") was a late 19th-century movement in Russia that tied in closely with its contemporary ideology, Slavophilia.

philosophical heritage of Russian thinkers

cultural concept describing the collective characteristics and values of the Russian people

thumb|500px|right|Mikhail Nesterov: In Russia. The Soul of the People (1914). [[Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow.]]

imperialist ideological doctrine of Russian emperor Nicholas I

right|thumb|Alexander Bogdanov, founder of tektology Tektology (sometimes transliterated as tectology) is a term used by Alexander Bogdanov to describe a new universal science that consisted of unifying all social, biological and physical sciences by considering them as systems of relationships and by seeking the organizational principles that underlie all systems. Tektology is now regarded as a precursor of systems theory and related aspects of synergetics. The word "tectology" was introduced by Ernst Haeckel, but Bogdanov used it for a different purpose.

political and religious concept on Russian identity

thumb|Cover of the magazine Smena Vekh. July 1921 The Smenovekhovtsy () was a political movement in the Russian émigré community, formed shortly after the publication of the magazine Smena Vekh ("Change of Signposts") in Prague in 1921. This publication had taken its name from the Russian philosophical publication Vekhi ("Signposts") published in 1909.

Russian geopolitical doctrine

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Political philosophy