Scientific models

hypothetical begin of the Universe through expansion out of an infinitely small and infinitely dense state

thumb|upright=1.35|Figure of the heavenly bodies – An illustration of a Ptolemaic geocentric system by Portuguese cosmographer and cartographer Bartolomeu Velho, 1568 (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris)

model of big-bang cosmology involving a FLRW spacetime with positive cosmological constant and cold dark matter

geophysical model of the opening and closing of rifts

model used in risk analysis and risk management illustrates that, with layered security, each layer provides protection from certain types of attacks but has weaknesses

Type of model which includes SIR model and derivatives

engineering method used when an outcome of interest cannot be easily directly measured, so a model of the outcome is used instead

mathematical model

abstract model that describes the causal mechanisms, rather than mere correlations, of a system