Separation processes

thumb|upright|300px|Laboratory model of a still.1: The heat source to boil the mixture2: round-bottom flask containing the mixture to be boiled3: the head of the still4: mixture boiling-point thermometer5: the condenser of the still6: the cooling-water inlet of the condenser7: the cooling-water outlet of the condenser8: the distillate-receiving flask9: vacuum pump and gas inlet10: the receiver of the still11: the heat control for heating the mixture12: stirring mechanism speed control13: stirring mechanism and heating plate14: heating bath (oil/sand) for the flask15: the stirring mechanism (no

transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state

thumb|upright=1.5|Vapour-liquid equilibrium of 2-propanol/water showing positive azeotropic behaviour

water purification process

thumb|Rice winnowing, Uttarakhand, [[India]] thumb|Winnowing in a village in Tamil Nadu, [[India]] upright|thumb|right|Use of winnowing forks by Agriculture in ancient Egypt|ancient Egyptian agriculturalists

method to achieve any phenomenon that converts a mixture of chemical substance into two or more distinct product mixtures, which may be referred to as mixture, at least one of which is enriched in one or more of the initial mixture's constituents

thumb|4x speed video of floc settling after adding flocculant polymers during a jar test.

separation and purification process of crystalline solids

addition of solvent to decrease the concentration of a solution

thumb|upright=1.25|Swan-necked copper pot stills in the [[Glenfiddich distillery]] 250px|thumbnail|right|A still at Mackmyra Whisky|Mackmyra Whisky Distillery thumb|upright|Column still from [[Kilbeggan Distillery in County Westmeath in Ireland.]] A still is an apparatus used to distill liquid mixtures by heating to selectively boil and then cooling to condense the vapor. A still uses the same concepts as a basic distillation apparatus, but on a much larger scale. Stills have been used to produce perfume and medicine, water for injection (WFI) for pharmaceutical use, generally to separate and

chemical separation process that increases ionic strength to induce phase separation

thumb|Electrorefining technology converting spent commercial nuclear fuel into metal.

physical water treatment process using gravity to remove suspended solids from water

method of gas concentration using selective adsorbtion under pressure

water treatment technology

in chemistry, the result of a fractionating separation process

Hypothetical stage of matter

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separation process where one or more components are removed from a liquid stream by a vapor stream

Molecular distillation is a type of short-path vacuum distillation, characterized by an extremely low vacuum pressure, 0.01 torr or below, which is performed using a molecular still

Electrodeionization (EDI) is a water treatment technology that utilizes DC power, ion exchange membranes, and ion exchange resin to deionize water, thereby removing trace minerals that function as anions and cations. By itself, it does not remove other contaminants, including pathogens, organic compounds, or dissolved gases. EDI is typically employed as a polishing treatment following reverse osmosis (RO), and is used in the production of ultrapure water. It differs from other RO polishing methods, like chemically regenerated mixed beds, by operating continuously without chemical regeneration.

thumb|300px|Mixer-settler scheme Mixer settlers are a class of mineral process equipment used in the solvent extraction process. A mixer settler consists of a first stage that mixes the phases together followed by a quiescent settling stage that allows the phases to separate by gravity.

QuEChERS is a solid phase extraction method for detection of biocide residues in food. The name is a portmanteau word formed from "quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe".

a drum rotating in a tub of water to be filtered

In chemical separation terminology, the raffinate (from French raffiner, to refine) is a product which has had a component or components removed. The product having the removed materials is referred to as the extract. For example, in solvent extraction, the raffinate is the liquid stream which remains after solutes from the original liquid are removed through contact with an immiscible liquid. In metallurgy, raffinating refers to a process in which impurities are removed from liquid material.

effect where increased ionic strength results in increased solubility

thumb|right|200px|Simple sublimation apparatus. Water usually cold, is circulated in cold finger to allow the desired compound to be deposited.1 Cooling water in 2 Cooling water out 3 Vacuum/gas line 4 Sublimation chamber 5 Sublimed compound 6 Crude material 7 External heating A sublimatory or sublimation apparatus is equipment, commonly laboratory glassware, for purification of compounds by selective sublimation. In principle, the operation resembles purification by distillation, except that the products do not pass through a liquid phase.

chemical law term - deprecated

Device for separating/sorting slurry or particles

VinyLoop is a proprietary physical plastic recycling process for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). It is based on dissolution in order to separate PVC from other materials or impurities.