Social concepts

Culture ( or ) is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, attitudes, and habits of the individuals in these groups. Culture often originates from or is attributed to a specific region or location.

thumb|upright=.8|Peace dove statue in [[Lomé, Togo, Africa. The dove and the olive branch are the most common symbols associated with peace.]] thumb|upright|Statue of Eirene (goddess)|Eirene, goddess of peace in ancient Greek religion, with the infant [[Plutus]] Peace is a state of harmony in the absence of hostility and violence. In a societal sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups.

thumb|Eugène Delacroix's romantic painting, La liberté guidant le peuple – "Liberty Guiding the People". An example of a revolution in the political sense thereof. In political science, a revolution (, 'a turn around') is a rapid, fundamental transformation of a society's class, state, ethnic or religious structures. According to sociologist Jack Goldstone, all revolutions contain "a common set of elements at their core: (a) efforts to change the political regime that draw on a competing vision (or visions) of a just order, (b) a notable degree of informal or formal mass mobilization, and (c)

thumb|Liberty Enlightening the World (known as the Statue of Liberty), by sculptor [[Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, was donated to the US by France in 1886 as an artistic personification of liberty.]] Liberty is the state of being free within society from restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views. The concept of liberty can vary depending on perspective and context. In the constitutional law of the United States, ordered liberty means creating a balanced society where individuals have the freedom to act without unnecessary interference (negative liberty)

thumb|Allegory with a portrait of a Venetian senator (Allegory of the morality of earthly things), attributed to Tintoretto, 1585

Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society. Disabilities may be cognitive, developmental, intellectual, mental, physical, sensory, or a combination of multiple factors. Disabilities can be present from birth or can be acquired during a person's lifetime. Historically, disabilities have only been recognized based on a narrow set of criteria—however, disabilities are not binary and can present uniquely depending on the individual. A disability may be easily visible, or invisible

Gender is the range of social, psychological, cultural, and behavioral aspects of being a man (or boy), woman (or girl), or portraying a third gender. Although gender often corresponds to sex, a transgender person may identify with a gender other than their sex assigned at birth. Most cultures have a strict gender binary, in which gender is divided into two categories, and people are considered part of one or the other; those who are outside these groups may fall under the umbrella term non-binary. Some societies have third genders (and fourth genders, etc.) such as the hijras of South Asia an

ability to influence the behavior of others

thumb|right|200px| An APEC leader setting the tone for the 2013 APEC CEO summit with an opening speech Leadership, is defined as the ability of an individual, group, or organization to influence, or guide other individuals, teams, or organizations.

thumb|right|350px|In Company Shocked at a Lady Getting up to Ring the Bell (1805) James Gillray caricatured "A widow and her suitors, who seem to have forgotten their manners in the intensity of their admiration."

thumb|Alexander Hamilton defends his honour by accepting Aaron Burr's challenge (1804). Illustration after painting "Ein Ehrenhandel" by Joseph Munsch (Austrian, 1832–1896) thumb|French Resistance members [[Germaine Tillion, Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz and Pierre Brossolette and politician Jean Zay entering the Panthéon in Paris with national honours, 2015]]

thumb|The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial authority in the country Authority is commonly understood as the legitimate power of a person or group over other people.

Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory. Rights are an important concept in law and ethics, especially theories of justice and deontology.

analysis of facts, with certain levels of rigor and problem-solving abilities, to form a judgment

thumb|Woman's Progress, May 1895|200px

thumb|A Nigerian man receives the [[smallpox vaccine in February 1969, as part of a global program that successfully eradicated the disease from the human population.]] Success is the state or condition of meeting a defined range of expectations. It may be viewed as the opposite of failure. The criteria for success depend on context, and may be relative to a particular observer or belief system. One person might consider a success what another person considers a failure, particularly in cases of direct competition or a zero-sum game. Similarly, the degree of success or failure in a situation m

thumb|Mahatma Gandhi, often considered a founder of the modern nonviolence movement, spread the concept of [[ahimsa through his movements and writings, which then inspired other nonviolent activists.]]

informal understanding of acceptable conduct

thumb|The Taking of Christ by Caravaggio (c.1602) shows Judas betraying Jesus. Betrayal is the breaking or violation of a presumptive contract, trust, or confidence that produces moral and psychological conflict within a relationship amongst individuals, between organizations or between individuals and organizations. Often betrayal is the act of supporting a rival group, or it is a complete break from previously decided upon or presumed norms by one party from the others. Someone who betrays others is commonly known as a traitor or betrayer.

Charisma () is a personal quality of magnetic charm, persuasion, or appeal.

thumb|"Failing is not a crime but lack of effort is" – sign on Leh to [[Nubra road, Ladakh]] Failure is the social concept of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and is usually viewed as the opposite of success. The criteria for failure depends on context, and may be relative to a particular observer or belief system. One person might consider a failure what another person considers a success, particularly in cases of direct competition or a zero-sum game. Similarly, the degree of success or failure in a situation may be differently viewed by distinct observers or participants, such

right and acceptance of an authority

Oppression is malicious or unjust treatment of, or exercise of power over, a group of individuals, often in the form of governmental authority. There are many scholars who have attempted to define oppression, usually by the types of harm suffered by those who are persecuted.

political term coined by Henri Bergson in 1932

A choice is the range of different things from which a being can choose. The arrival at a choice may incorporate motivators and models.

Intifada () is an Arabic word for a rebellion or uprising, or a resistance movement. It can also be used to refer to a civilian uprising against oppression. In Arabic-language usage, any uprising can be referred to as an intifada, including the 1916 Easter Rising, the 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, and the 1949 Jeju uprising. When used in English outside of the Arab World, the word has primarily referred to the two Palestinian uprisings against Israeli occupation.

form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model

concept in Western history and political thought

thumb|Injustice is in a series of allegory|allegorical capitals depicting vices and virtues at the Ducal Palace in Venice.

Generosity (also called largesse) is the virtue of being liberal in giving, often as gifts. Generosity is regarded as a virtue by various world religions and philosophies and is often celebrated in cultural and religious ceremonies.

Ableism (; also known as ablism, disablism [in British English], anapirophobia, anapirism, and disability discrimination) is discrimination and social prejudice against physically or mentally disabled people. Ableism characterizes people as they are defined by their disabilities and also classifies disabled people as being inferior to non-disabled people. On this basis, people are assigned or denied certain perceived abilities, skills, or character orientations. Ableism perpetuates false ideas about individuals and groups with disabilities.

set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted standards

awareness of one's social class, its interests and position

what is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given community

In ethics and governance, accountability is equated with answerability, culpability, liability, and the expectation of account-giving.

Polynesian spiritual practice

kind of ethical relationship between people

In philosophy, ressentiment (; ) is one of the forms of resentment or hostility. The concept was of particular interest to some 19th-century thinkers, most notably Friedrich Nietzsche. According to their use, ressentiment is a sense of hostility directed toward an object that one identifies as the cause of one's frustration, that is, an assignment of blame for one's frustration. The sense of weakness or inferiority complex and perhaps even jealousy in the face of the "cause" generates a rejecting/justifying value system, or morality, which attacks or denies the perceived source of one's frustr

cultural norms associated with men that are harmful to society and to men themselves

marxist notion of cultural dominance

Secularity or secularness (from Latin , or or ) is the state of being unrelated to, or neutral in regard to, religion.

theory that shared understandings of the world create shared assumptions about reality

Freedom is the power or right to speak, act, and change as one wants without hindrance or restraint. Freedom is often associated with liberty and autonomy in the sense of "giving oneself one's own laws".

capacity to defy others' restrictions on one's own life

concept used by right-libertarians

Capacity to act on one's own free will without internal constraint

concept in sociology

sociological concept

unified concept of law, which replaces the classical division of public law and private law

Supremacism is the belief that a certain group of people is superior to, and should have authority over, all others. The presumed superior group can be defined by various characteristics, including age, sex, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, language, social class, ideology, nationality, culture, generation, or any other human attribute.

untruth propagated to strengthen social harmony

manner in which modern society organizes in response to risk

sociological term defined by Émile Durkheim

judgment of the rightness or wrongness of something or someone, or of the usefulness of something or someone, based on a comparison or other relativity

Verstehen (, ), in the context of German philosophy and social sciences in general, has been used since the late 19th century – in English as in German – with the particular sense of the "interpretive or participatory" examination of social phenomena. The term is closely associated with the work of the German sociologist Max Weber, whose antipositivism established an alternative to prior sociological positivism and economic determinism, rooted in the analysis of social action. In anthropology, Verstehen has come to mean a systematic interpretive process in which an outside observer of a cultur

Normativity concerns the standards of what people ought to do, believe, or value. It is a quality of rules, judgments, or concepts that prescribe how things should be or what individuals may, must, or must not do. Normative claims express what ought to be the case, such as "you should not smoke". They contrast with descriptive claims about what is the case, such as "you smoked yesterday". Normativity shapes many everyday activities, such as decision-making, evaluating outcomes, criticizing others, and justifying actions.

Discretion is the power or right to decide or act according to one's own judgment; freedom of judgment or choice. In a broader social context, it refers to the quality of being discreet, encompassing the ability to behave or speak in such a way as to avoid causing offense or revealing private information.

an individual's opportunity and autonomy to perform an action selected from at least two available options, including a creation, without being constrained by external parties

categories which were coined by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies

Artistic practice of borrowing, quoting, or recontextualizing existing images or objects to generate new meanings through citational commentary