Substance-related disorders

Alcoholism is the continued drinking of alcohol despite it causing problems. Some definitions require evidence of dependence and withdrawal. Problematic alcohol use has been mentioned in the earliest historical records. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated there were 283 million people with alcohol use disorders worldwide . The term alcoholism was first coined in 1852, but alcoholism and alcoholic are considered stigmatizing and likely to discourage seeking treatment, so diagnostic terms such as alcohol use disorder and alcohol dependence are often used instead in a clinical context.

Addiction is a neuropsychological disorder characterized by a persistent and intense urge to use a drug or engage in a behavior that produces an immediate psychological reward, despite substantial harm and other negative consequences. Repetitive drug use can alter brain function in synapses similar to natural rewards like food or falling in love in ways that perpetuate craving and weakens self-control for people with pre-existing vulnerabilities. This phenomenon – drugs reshaping brain function – has led to an understanding of addiction as a brain disorder with a complex variety of psychosocia

device usually used to quit or be an alternative to tobacco

need for a drug, whose discontinuation results in withdrawal symptoms

A hangover is the experience of various unpleasant physiological and psychological effects usually following the consumption of alcohol, such as wine, beer, and liquor. Hangovers can last for several hours or for more than 24 hours. Typical symptoms of a hangover may include headache, drowsiness, weakness, concentration problems, dry mouth, dizziness, fatigue, muscle ache, gastrointestinal distress (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), absence of hunger, light sensitivity, depression, sweating, hyper-excitability, high blood pressure, irritability, and anxiety.

patterned use of a drug in which the user consumes the psychoactive/chemical substance substances in amounts or with methods which are harmful to themselves or others

ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than recommended amount

group of symptoms that occur upon the abrupt discontinuation or decrease in intake of medications or recreational drugs

Teratology is the study of abnormalities of physiological development in organisms during their life span. It is a sub-discipline in medical genetics which focuses on the classification of congenital abnormalities in dysmorphology caused by teratogens and also in pharmacology and toxicology.

Disulfiram is a medication used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol (drinking alcohol). Disulfiram works by inhibiting the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (specifically ALDH2), causing many of the effects of a hangover to be felt immediately following alcohol consumption. Disulfiram plus alcohol, even small amounts, produces flushing, throbbing in the head and neck, a throbbing headache, respiratory difficulty, nausea, copious vomiting, sweating, thirst, chest pain, palpitation, shortness of breath, hyperventilation, fast heart rate, low bl

Self-medication, sometimes called do-it-yourself (DIY) medicine, is a human behavior in which an individual uses a substance or any exogenous influence to self-administer treatment for physical or psychological conditions, for example headaches or fatigue.

stop-smoking treatment

Acamprosate, sold under the brand name Campral, is a medication which reduces cravings in alcoholism. It is thought to stabilize chemical signaling in the brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcohol withdrawal. When used alone, acamprosate is not an effective therapy for alcohol use disorder in most individuals, as it only addresses withdrawal symptoms and not psychological dependence. It facilitates a reduction in alcohol consumption as well as full abstinence when used in combination with psychosocial support or other drugs that address the addictive behavior.

condition that follows the administration of a psychoactive drug - a type of substance-related disorders

combined presence of Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) and Korsakoff's syndrome

Inhalants are a broad range of household and industrial chemicals whose volatile vapors or pressurized gases can be concentrated and breathed in via the nose or mouth to produce intoxication, in a manner not intended by the manufacturer. They are inhaled at room temperature through volatilization (in the case of gasoline or acetone) or from a pressurized container (e.g., nitrous oxide or butane), and do not include drugs that are sniffed after burning or heating.

physical condition caused by chronic use of a tolerance-forming drug

mental disorder involving the abuse or dependence on a substance that is ingested in order to produce a high, alter one's senses, or otherwise affect functioning

Dipsomania is a historical term describing a medical condition involving an uncontrollable craving for alcohol or other drugs. In the 19th century, the term dipsomania was used to refer to a variety of alcohol-related problems, most of which are known today as alcohol use disorder. Dipsomania is occasionally still used to describe a particular condition of periodic, compulsive bouts of alcohol intake. The idea of dipsomania is important for its historical role in promoting a disease theory of chronic drunkenness. The word comes from Greek dipso- (from 'thirst') and mania ( 'madness, frenzy, co

non-psychotic disorder after a previous use of drugs

In internal medicine, relapse or recidivism is a recurrence of a past (typically medical) condition. For example, multiple sclerosis and malaria often exhibit peaks of activity and sometimes very long periods of dormancy, followed by relapse or recrudescence.

processes of treatment for drug dependency

administration of a liquid directly in a vein

substance-related disorder

Bromism is the syndrome which results from the long-term consumption of bromine, usually through bromine-based sedatives such as potassium bromide and lithium bromide. Bromide was used in medicinal drugs for indications as broad as insomnia, hysteria, anxiety, and even excessive libido, making it one of the most frequently used class of medicinal drugs prior to its reduction in the early 20th century.

condition of suffering from a mental illness and a comorbid substance abuse problem

a psychosis that results from the effects of exogenous toxic substances or drugs

medical condition

group of mental and behavioural disorders, including both substance dependence and substance abuse

moral or legal rights of the human fetus

questionnaire to screen patients for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption

potential harm or negative consequences to the fetus due to drugs and medications during pregnancy

measures to prevent the consumption and measures to health from the use of licit and illicit drug

drug dependence that involves the continued use of barbiturates despite problems related to use of the substance

alcoholic beverage consumed with the aim of lessening the effects of a hangover

group of medical symptoms

cough suppressant drug susceptible to misuse

type of education focused on human consumption of alcoholic beverages

live-in healthcare facility

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injection of ethyl alcohol into the rectum for absorption

alcohol-related amnesia