Surgical procedures and techniques

A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, an interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist. The process involves the extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is then fixed, dehydrated, embedded, sectioned, stained and mounted before it is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist; it may also be analyzed chemically. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an excisional biopsy. An incisional biopsy or core biopsy samples a portion of the abn

surgical procedures to alter sexual characteristics to match identified gender

surgical operation to relocate hair follicles

consists of a piece of thread (suture) tied around an anatomical structure, usually a blood vessel or another hollow structure (e.g. urethra) to shut it off

modification to the reef knot that adds an extra twist when tying the first throw, forming a double overhand knot

Phalloplasty (also called penoplasty) is the construction or reconstruction of a penis or the artificial modification of the penis by surgery. The term is also occasionally used to refer to penis enlargement.

Curettage ( or ), in medical procedures, is the use of a curette (French, meaning "scoop") to remove tissue by scraping or scooping.

Cryosurgery (with cryo from the Ancient Greek ) is the use of extreme cold in surgery to destroy abnormal or diseased tissue; thus, it is the surgical application of cryoablation. Cryosurgery has been historically used to treat a number of diseases and disorders, especially a variety of benign and malignant skin conditions.

Replantation or reattachment is defined as the surgical reattachment of a body part (such as a finger, hand, arm, toe, foot, or leg) that has been completely cut from the body. Examples include reattachment of a partially or fully amputated finger, or reattachment of a kidney that has had an avulsion-type injury.

Fasciotomy or fasciectomy is a surgical procedure where a fascia is cut to relieve tension or pressure in order to treat the resulting loss of circulation to an area of tissue or muscle. Fasciotomy is a limb-saving procedure when used to treat acute compartment syndrome. It is also sometimes used to treat chronic compartment stress syndrome. The procedure has a very high rate of success, with the most common problem being accidental damage to a nearby nerve.

thumb|400px|Marsupialization Marsupialization is the surgical technique of cutting a slit into an abscess or cyst and suturing the edges of the slit to form a continuous surface from the exterior surface to the interior surface of the cyst or abscess. Sutured in this fashion, the site remains open and can drain freely. This technique is used to treat a cyst or abscess when a single draining would not be effective and complete removal of the surrounding structure would not be desirable. The technique is often applied to Gartner's duct cysts, pancreatic cysts, pilonidal cysts, and Bartholin's cy

surgical intervention

gender-affirming surgery to alter the face towards a female morphology

microscopically controlled surgery used to treat common types of skin cancer

thumb|Vascular, bronchial and parenchymal margins of a lobectomy, showing staple line of bronchial margin being removed with scissors. Lobectomy means surgical excision of a lobe. This may refer to a lobe of the lung (also simply called a lobectomy), a lobe of the thyroid (hemithyroidectomy), a lobe of the brain (as in anterior temporal lobectomy), or a lobe of the liver (hepatectomy). __TOC__

Osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis (OOKP), also known as "tooth in eye" surgery, is a medical procedure to restore vision in the most severe cases of corneal and ocular surface patients. It includes removal of a tooth from the patient or a donor.

surgical procedures to fix abnormal openings through which tissue or organs may protrude

A myringotomy is a surgical procedure in which an incision is created in the eardrum (tympanic membrane) to relieve pressure caused by excessive buildup of fluid, or to drain pus from the middle ear. A tympanostomy tube may be inserted through the eardrum to keep the middle ear aerated for a prolonged time and to prevent reaccumulation of fluid. Without the insertion of a tube, the incision usually heals spontaneously within two to three weeks. Depending on the type, the tube is either naturally extruded in 6 to 12 months or removed during a minor procedure.

Autotransfusion is a process wherein a person receives their own blood for a transfusion, instead of banked allogenic (separate-donor) blood. There are two main kinds of autotransfusion: Blood can be autologously "pre-donated" (termed so despite "donation" not typically referring to giving to one's self) before a surgery, or alternatively, it can be collected during and after the surgery using an intraoperative blood salvage device (such as a Cell Saver, HemoClear or CATS). The latter form of autotransfusion is utilized in surgeries where there is expected a large volume blood loss – e.g. aneu

as a general surgical technique

dissection in the neck to remove diseased tissues and to leave a margin of normal tissue

Clinical procedure used to release pus

act of cutting the skin for the purpose of surgery

ability for a doctor to perform surgery on a patient even though they are not physically in the same location

thumb|Method of removing a polyp with a sling

surgical technique

Cryoablation is a process that uses extreme cold to destroy tissue. Cryoablation is performed using hollow needles (cryoprobes) through which cooled, thermally conductive fluids are circulated. Cryoprobes are positioned adjacent to the target in such a way that the freezing process will destroy the diseased tissue. Once the probes are in place, the attached cryogenic freezing unit removes heat from ("cools") the tip of the probe and by extension from the surrounding tissues.

medical combined scanning/surgical theaters

Indian girl surgically separated from a parasitic twin at the age 2

dental procedure

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gender-affirming surgery to alter the face towards a masculine morphology

technique in plastic and reconstructive surgery

thumb|Human male reproductive system Scrotoplasty, also known as oscheoplasty, is a type of surgery to create or repair the scrotum. Scientific research for male genital plastic surgery such as scrotoplasty began to develop in the early 1900s. The development of testicular implants began in 1940 made from materials outside of what is used today. Today, testicular implants are created from saline or gel filled silicone rubber. There are a variety of reasons why scrotoplasty is done. Some transgender men and intersex or non-binary people who were assigned female at birth may choose to have this

Frenuloplasty is the surgical alteration of a frenulum when its presence restricts range of motion between interconnected tissues. Two of the common sites for a frenuloplasty are:

gender-affirming surgical procedure

surgical procedure in which a small hole is created between the upper two chambers of the heart, the atria

thumb|Tenotomy, 19th century.

injection of autologous blood into the epidural space

In surgery, a percutaneous procedure is any medical procedure or method where access to inner organs or other tissue is done via needle-puncture of the skin, rather than by using an "open" approach where inner organs or tissue are exposed (typically with the use of a scalpel).

surgery to relieve carpal tunnel syndrome

surgical procedure

medical intervention

Myotomy is a surgical procedure that involves cutting a muscle to relieve constriction, often performed in the gastrointestinal or urological systems. The procedure can alleviate symptoms caused by muscle-related functional obstructions, particularly in cases of achalasia, a disorder that affects the esophagus. Myotomies may be performed using open, laparoscopic, or endoscopic techniques, depending on the location and condition being treated. Common types include the Heller myotomy, used to treat esophageal achalasia, and pyloromyotomy, commonly performed in infants with pyloric stenosis.