Theological controversies

Two periods in the history of the Byzantine Empire when the use of religious images or icons was opposed by religious and imperial authorities.

members of the Jewish movement that later became Christianity

Christian synod in 449 CE

17th–18th-century dispute among Roman Catholic missionaries

Jewish-Christian gospel extant only in seven quotations in the Panarion by Epiphanius of Salamis

Semi-Pelagianism (or semipelagianism) is a historical Christian theological and soteriological school of thought about the role of free will in salvation. In semi-Pelagian thought, a distinction is made between the beginning of faith and the increase of faith. Semi-Pelagian thought teaches that the latter half – growing in faith – is the work of God, while the beginning of faith is an act of free will, with grace supervening only later.

division between people belonging to a Christian organization

a phase in the Chalcedonian controversy

moral debate in Spain between 1550–1551 to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers

Demythologization as a hermeneutic approach to religious texts seeks to separate or recover cosmological, sociological and historic claims from philosophical, ethical and theological teachings. Mostly applied to biblical texts, demythologization often overlaps with philology, biblical criticism and form criticism. The term demythologization (in German: Entmythologisierung) was introduced by Rudolf Bultmann (1884–1976) in existential context, but the concept has earlier precedents.

thumb|A map showing the generally defined area of the Fertile Crescent in red Panbabylonism (also known as Panbabylonianism) was the school of thought that considered the cultures and religions of the Middle East and civilization in general to be ultimately derived from Babylonian myths which in turn they viewed as being based on Babylonian astronomy, often in hidden ways.

Quartodecimanism (from the Vulgate Latin quarta decima in Leviticus 23:5, meaning fourteenth) is the name given to the practice of commemorating the death of Christ on the day of Passover, the 14th of Nisan according to biblical dating, on whatever day of the week it occurs. The Quartodeciman controversy in the Church was the question of whether to celebrate Easter on Sunday (the first day of the week), or at the time of sacrifice of the Passover lamb.

controversy over the correct date for Easter

aspect of history

Theopaschism is the belief that a god can suffer. Owing to controversies about the passion of Jesus and his divinity, this doctrine was a subject of ecumenical councils which affirmed the theopaschite formula.

Kirchenkampf (, lit. 'church struggle') is a German term which pertains to the situation of the Christian churches in Germany during the Nazi period (1933–1945). Sometimes used ambiguously, the term may refer to one or more of the following different "church struggles": The internal dispute within German Protestantism between the German Christians (Deutsche Christen) and the Confessing Church (Bekennende Kirche) over control of the Protestant churches; The tensions between the Nazi regime and the Protestant church bodies; and The tensions between the Nazi regime and the Catholic Church.

13th-century anti-heresy condemnations issued at University of Paris

thumb The Kollyvades () were the members of a movement within the Eastern Orthodox Church that began in the second half of the eighteenth century among the monastic community of Mount Athos, which was concerned with the restoration of traditional practices and opposition to unwarranted innovations, and which turned unexpectedly into a movement of spiritual regeneration. As Metropolitan Kallistos Ware succinctly points out:

Commission established by Pope Clement VIII