Two-dimensional nanomaterials

Graphene () is a variety of the element carbon which occurs naturally in small amounts. In graphene, the carbon forms a sheet of interlocked atoms as hexagons one carbon atom thick. The result resembles the face of a honeycomb. When many hundreds of graphene layers build up, they are called graphite.

thumb|Scanning tunneling microscope|STM image of the first (4×4) and second layers (×-β) of silicene grown on a thin silver film. Image size 16×16 nm.

thumb|upright=1.5|(a) Scanning tunneling microscope|STM image of germanene. (b) Profile (black line in (a)) showing step heights of ~3.2  Å. (c) High-resolution STM image (distorted by sample drift). (d) Profiles along the white continuous and dashed lines in (c) showing a ~9–10  Å separation between protrusions having heights of ~0.2  Å. (e) [[Electron diffraction pattern. (f) Model of germanene on Au(111).]] Germanene is a material made up of a single layer of germanium atoms. The material is created in a process similar to that of silicene and graphene, in which high vacuum and high tempera

crystalline materials consisting of a single layer of atoms

chemical compound

Graphane is a two-dimensional polymer of carbon and hydrogen with the formula unit (CH)n where n is large. Partial hydrogenation results in hydrogenated graphene, which was reported by Elias et al. in 2009 by a TEM study to be "direct evidence for a new graphene-based derivative". The authors viewed the panorama as "a whole range of new two-dimensional crystals with designed electronic and other properties". With the band gap ranges from 0 to 0.8 eV

chemical compound

thumb|upright=1.2|Graphyne-n varieties, where n indicates the number of carbon–carbon triple bonds in a link between two adjacent hexagons. Graphyne is graphyne-1; graphdiyne is graphyne-2.

type of natural semiconductor with thicknesses on the atomic scale

Plumbene is a material made up of a single layer of lead atoms. The material is created in a process similar to that of graphene, silicene, germanene, and stanene, in which high vacuum and high temperature are used to deposit a layer of lead atoms on a substrate. High-quality thin films of plumbene have revealed two-dimensional honeycomb structures. First researched by Indian scientists, further investigations are being done around the world.

thumb|Perspective view of nanomesh, whose structure ends at the back of the figure. The distance between two pore centers is 3.2nm, and the pores are 0.05nm deep.