Umayyad Caliphate

second Islamic caliphate (661–750 CE)

'''''' (, ), is a type of taxation levied on non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law. The Quran and hadiths mention jizya without specifying its rate or amount, and the application of jizya varied in the course of Islamic history. However, scholars largely agree that early Muslim rulers adapted some of the existing systems of taxation and modified them according to Islamic religious law.

thumb|300px|right|Map of Septimania in 537

type of coin

subdivision of currency used in many Arab countries

Merchant and sahabi

state policy of the Umayyad Caliphate

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