Xiongnu

The Xiongnu (, ) were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the Xiongnu Empire.

The Han-Zhao (; 304–329 AD), or Former Zhao (), was a dynastic state of China ruled by the Liu (Luandi) clan of Chuge-Xiongnu ethnicity during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of Chinese history. In Chinese historiography, it was given two conditional state titles, the Northern Han (; ) for the state proclaimed in 304 by Liu Yuan, and the Former Zhao (; ) for the state proclaimed in 319 by Liu Yao. The reference to them as separate states can be misleading, given that when Liu Yao changed the name of the state from "Han" to "Zhao" in 319, he treated the state as having been continuous from when Liu

Touman (), from Old Chinese (220 BCE): *do-mɑnᴬ, is the earliest named chanyu (leader) of the Xiongnu tribal confederation, reigning from , directly preceding the formation of the Xiongnu empire.

one of the Four Beauties of ancient China

archaeological culture

historical ethnic group in Chinese history

Ötüken or Otuken ( or , , 'land of Ötüken'; ; ) was the capital of the First Turkic Khaganate, the Second Turkic Khaganate and the Uyghur Khaganate. It has an important place in Turkic mythology and Tengrism.

Han Dynasty general, who served under the reign of Emperor Wu and later defected to the Xiongnu

Han Dynasty politician

Yueban (), (, Middle Chinese: */jiuᴇt̚-pˠan/ < Late Han Chinese: */jyat-pɑn/), colloquially: "Weak Xiongnu", was an early Turkic tribe identified by Chinese historians as remnants of Northern Xiongnu in Zhetysu, now part of modern-day Kazakhstan. In Chinese literature they are commonly called Yueban. The Yuebans gained their own visibility after disintegration of the Northern Xiongnu state, because unlike the main body of the Northern Xiongnu, who escaped from the Chinese sphere of knowledge, the Yueban tribes remained closer to China.

emperor of the Jie Hun state Later Zhao

Northern Wei General

prince of Han Zhao

thumb|Remains in 2013, with human figures giving scale

The Luandi (; alternatively written as Xulianti ) was the ruling clan of the Xiongnu that flourished from the 3rd century BCE to 4th century CE. The form Luandi comes from the Book of Han, while the form Xulianti comes from the Book of Later Han.

The Huyan (; LHC: *ha(C)-jan H/B) was a noble house that led the last remnants of the Northern Xiongnu to Dzungaria in the second century after the Battle of the Altai Mountains.

Qubei (; pinyin: Qùbēi, 195–216) was a leader of the Southern Xiongnu and supervisor of the Five Divisions who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty. An uncle to the last chanyu of the Southern Xiongnu, Huchuquan, Qubei was appointed by the Chinese court to supervise the Five Divisions of Xiongnu after his nephew was detained in Ye in 216. He was also the ancestor of two prominent non-Chinese clans; the Helian, who founded the Xia dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, and the Dugu.

Archaeological site in Tov Province, Mongolia

military personnel

Guifang () was an ancient ethnonym for a northern people that fought against the Shang dynasty (1600–1046 BCE). Chinese historical tradition used various names in different periods for northern tribes such as the Guifang, Rong, Di, Xunyu, Xianyun, or Xiongnu peoples. They are seen as the ancestors of the Xiongnu and thus as one of the first proto-Turkic people. This Chinese exonym combines gui (鬼 "ghost, spirit, devil") and fang (方 "side, border, country, region"), a suffix referring to "non-Shang or enemy countries that existed in and beyond the borders of the Shang polity."

Han dynasty inscription on a cliff in the Yanran Mountains (89 AD)

thumb|290px|Hypothetical reconstruction of an early Eastern Eurasian chariot, of a type known since the Afanasievo culture in Southern Siberia and Mongolia, 3000–1500 BCE, and recorded among the [[Deer stones culture (1400–700 BCE) in northern and central Mongolia.]] The Xianyun (; Old Chinese: (ZS) *g.ramʔ-lunʔ; (Schuessler) *hɨamᴮ-juinᴮ < *hŋamʔ-junʔ) was an ancient nomadic tribe that invaded the Zhou dynasty. This Chinese exonym is written with xian 獫 or 玁 "long-snouted dog", and this "dog" radical 犭 is commonly used in graphic pejorative characters. "Xianyun" was the preferred designation

Shanrong (), or Rong () were an Old Chinese nomadic people of ancient China.

Ethnological origin of the Huns

thumb|upright=1.5|Anthropomorphic axe, bronze, excavated in the tomb of Heibo (潶伯), a military noble in charge of protecting the northern frontier, at Commons:Category:Baicaopo|Baicaopo, [[Lingtai County, Western Zhou period (1045–771 BCE). Gansu Museum. This is considered as a possible depiction of a Xianyun or Guifang.]] The Xunyu (; Old Chinese: (ZS) *qʰun-lug, (Schuessler): *hun-juk) is the name of an ancient nomadic tribe which invaded China during legendary times. They are traditionally identified with the Guifang, the Xianyun and the Xiongnu. They are seen as the ancestors of the Xiongn

village in Republic of Buryatia, Russia

Chinese general

Series of Chinese songs and poems

Chinese general

Chunwei (; Old Chinese: ZS: *djun-ɢʷi; B-S: *[d]u[r]-ɢʷij) is a name associated with the Xiongnu, a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD.

wife of Shi Hu, emperor of Later Zhao