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The 15th century spans the years 1401 to 1500 and was a period of significant change in Europe, including the Renaissance in Italy, the fall of Constantinople, and major voyages of exploration. This era matters because it marks a transition from the medieval period to the early modern world, with developments in art, science, and global trade that shaped the course of human history.
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Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II, victorious at the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople and the fall of the Byzantine Empire. Various historians describe it as the end of the Middle Ages. The Surrender of Granada by Francisco Pradilla Ortiz, 1882: Muhammad XI surrenders to Ferdinand and Isabella Gergio Deluci, Christopher Columbus arrives in the Americas in 1492, 1893 painting. The 15th century was the century which spans the Julian calendar dates from 1 January 1401 (represented by the Roman numerals MCDI) to 31 December 1500 (MD).
In Europe, the 15th century includes parts of the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the early modern period. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the "European miracle" of the following centuries. The architectural perspective, and the modern fields which are known today as banking and accounting were founded in Italy.