aṭṭhakathā

thumb|Front cover of the Palm-leaf manuscript containing bi-lingual Atthakatha, with [[Pali text and Sinhalese translation. Sri Lanka, 1853, British Library Oriental Manuscripts 6603/258.]] thumb|Back cover of the Palm-leaf manuscript containing bi-lingual Atthakatha, with [[Pali text and Sinhalese translation. Sri Lanka, 1853, British Library Oriental Manuscripts 6603/258.]] thumb|Palm-leaf manuscript containing bi-lingual Atthakatha, with [[Pali text and Sinhalese translation. Sri Lanka, 1756. British Library]] Aṭṭhakathā (Pali for explanation, commentary) refers to Pali-language Theravadin Buddhist commentaries to the canonical Theravadin Tipitaka. These commentaries give the traditional interpretations of the scriptures. The major commentaries were based on earlier ones, now lost, in Prakrit and Sinhala, which were written down at the same time as the Canon, in the last century BCE. Some material in the commentaries is found in canonical texts of other schools of Buddhism, suggesting an early common source.

According to K.R. Norman: There is no direct evidence that any commentarial material was in fact recited at the first council, but there is clear evidence that some parts of the commentaries are very old, perhaps even going back to the time of the Buddha, because they afford parallels with texts which are regarded as canonical by other sects, and must therefore pre-date the schisms between the sects. As has already been noted, some canonical texts include commentarial passages, while the existence of the Old Commentary in the Vinaya-pitaka and the canonical status of the Niddesa prove that some sort of exegesis was felt to be needed at a very early stage of Buddhism. As with the Canon itself, the contents of collected editions of the Theravadin commentaries, compiled from the fourth century CE onwards, vary between editions. The minimal collection, found in the Thai edition (1992) includes the following (Skilling 2002). Twelve commentaries ascribed to Buddhaghosa: commentary on the Vinaya Pitaka; commentary on the Sutta Pitaka :- one each on the Digha Nikaya, Majjhima Nikaya, Samyutta Nikaya and Anguttara Nikaya; four on Khuddaka Nikaya books; and three on the Abhidhamma Pitaka. Commentaries by Dhammapala on seven books of the Khuddaka Nikaya. Four commentaries by various authors on four other books of the Khuddaka Nikaya.