Azharot (, "exhortations") are didactic liturgical poems on, or versifications of, the 613 commandments in rabbinical enumeration. The first known example are Ata hinchlata and Azharat Reishit, recited to this day in some Ashkenazic and Italian communities, and dating back to early Geonic times. Other versions appear in the 10th century Siddur of Saadia Gaon, as well as by two Spanish authors of the Middle Ages: Isaac ben Reuben Albargeloni and Solomon ibn Gabirol and the French author Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken.
Azharot (, "exhortations") are didactic liturgical poems on, or versifications of, the 613 commandments in rabbinical enumeration. The first known example are Ata hinchlata and Azharat Reishit, recited to this day in some Ashkenazic and Italian communities, and dating back to early Geonic times. Other versions appear in the 10th century Siddur of Saadia Gaon, as well as by two Spanish authors of the Middle Ages: Isaac ben Reuben Albargeloni and Solomon ibn Gabirol and the French author Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken.
==Etymology== The name of the poetical form derives from the first word of one of its earliest examples, . Two attempts to ascribe special meaning to that choice of term have been suggested: Chazal sometimes refer to biblical prohibitions as azharot. The numerological sum of a condensed form of the word (אזהרת, instead of אזהרות) equals the number of commandments ==Liturgical customs== In the Ashkenazic and Italian rites, Azharot are recited in the mussaf service. This was the Sephardic practice in the Middle Ages as well, but due to Halakhic concerns they were moved to other places in the liturgy. As such, most Sephardic communities have moved them to the mincha or arvit service, or to the Sabbath prior to Shavuot. Some Sephardic diaspora communities chant the Positive Commandments of the azharot on the first day of Shavuot, and the Negative Commandments on the second day. Sephardic/Eastern communities recite the azharot of Ibn Gebirol, while North African communities of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya may recite (either instead of or addition to Ibn Gebirol) the azharot of Barceloni.
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