Elasmosauridae

Elasmosauridae, often called elasmosaurs or elasmosaurids, is an extinct family of plesiosaurs that lived from the Hauterivian stage of the Early Cretaceous to the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous period (c. 130 to 66 mya). The taxon was initially erected in 1869 by Edward Drinker Cope to include the type genus Elasmosaurus with the related Cimoliasaurus, although he did not argue in detail why. Over the following years, many authors recognized this classification on the basis of predominantly postcranial features, becoming one of the three groups in which plesiosaurs were often classified during the 19th century, along with the Pliosauridae and the Plesiosauridae. However, most of these traits led to many genera since recognized as belonging to other plesiosaur families being classified as elasmosaurids. Another family historically considered as distinct, the Cimoliasauridae, has since 2009 been recognized as a junior synonym of the Elasmosauridae. Along with the Polycotylidae, elasmosaurids represent the few plesiosauroids that lived until the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.

With a maximum length ranging from depending on the genera, elasmosaurids have a streamlined body with paddle-like limbs, mostly having a short tail, a small head, and an extremely long neck. The necks of these marine reptiles are supported by a very large number of cervical vertebrae, Elasmosaurus and Albertonectes being the only known vertebrates to have more than 70. The skull of elasmosaurids appears mainly slender and triangular, the majority of them having large fang-like teeth at the front, and smaller teeth towards the back. The Aristonectinae subgroup nevertheless has different morphological traits, having more numerous but smaller teeth and having a shorter neck. Elasmosaurids were well adapted for aquatic life, and used their flippers for swimming. Contrary to earlier depictions, their necks were not very flexible, and could not be held high above the water surface. It is unknown what their long necks were used for, but they may have had a function in feeding. Elasmosaurids probably ate small fish and marine invertebrates, seizing them with their long teeth, and may have used gastroliths (stomach stones) to help digest their food.