formal science
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Formal science is the study of abstract systems like logic, mathematics, and game theory that rely on precise rules and reasoning rather than observations of the physical world. It matters because these disciplines provide the foundations and tools that other sciences use to model problems, prove theories, and make predictions.
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Article
Formal science is a branch of science studying disciplines concerned with abstract structures described by formal systems.
Whereas the natural sciences and social sciences seek to characterize physical systems and social systems, respectively, using theoretical and empirical methods, the formal sciences use language tools concerned with characterizing abstract structures described by formal systems and the deductions that can be made from them.