Jamal ad-Din

In the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties in Chinese history, Islamic astronomy was advancer comparatively than other parts of the worlds, with the expansion of Islamic culture to the Far East Asia, Islamic astronomy also spread to China and influenced the development of Chinese astronomy very much, and this article discusses how Islamic astronomy spread to China and what impact that Islamic astronomy brought to Chinese civilization and science of astronomy. Keywords: Islamic astronomy, Chinese astronomy, Islamic calendar and Chinese calendar 1. Islamic astronomy significantly advanced during the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties in China. 2. Jamal al-Din ibn Muhammad al-Najjari's arrival in China marked a key milestone for Islamic astronomy. 3. Ma Yize's influence led to the drafting of the Heavenly Calendar, integrating Islamic methods. 4. Islamic astronomical calculations proved more accurate than traditional Chinese methods, impacting governance. 5. The Islamic calendar system underwent translations and adaptations, enhancing Chinese astronomical practices. The Position of 24 Jieji or Solar Terms refer to Celestial sphere °° and Jie literally means festival, qi means atmosphere including weather and climate change or phenomena within every 15 days or half month and therefore every month has two Jieqi. Note: the table used by Chinese Fengshui master to determining house facing direction, allocation, tomb allocation and decoration. Table 9: Tian Gan System used by Fengshui Master Note: the table used by Chinese fengshui master to determining birthday, marriage partner, and choose a prope! name for a new born baby. Table 10: Dizhi System used by Fengshui Master From Gregorian to Chinese Tian Gan calendar The evolution of Astronomy in India, China and the Islamic world has been studied. The role of inter-regional relations and exchange of ideas between these three civilizations has been discussed. In Urdu language , this is the first attempt to narrate the history from ancient times to 16th century. This volume presents comprehensive investigations into various facets of observational astronomy during the medieval Islamic period, spanning from the ninth to the seventeenth centuries. The chapters compiled here, originally published between 2012 and 2018, have undergone significant revisions to enhance their accuracy and explore a broad spectrum of topics organized into five main sections. Reflections on Observational Astronomy in the Medieval Islamic Period begins with solar astronomy, providing a detailed evaluation of Islamic astronomers' determinations of fundamental solar parameters. In the realm of lunar astronomy, it examines the gradual endorsement and rationalization of annular solar eclipses, along with an exclusive historical account of predicting and observing such an event in 1283 ce. The section on planetary astronomy scrutinizes empirical discoveries that distinguish between the precession of equinoxes and the motion of apogees, as well as significant enhancements to Ptolemy's parameters for planetary latitudes. Stellar astronomy is explored through a non-Ptolemaic star table that encompasses observations from ninth-century Baghdad to thirteenth-century Marāgha. The final section examines observational instruments, focusing on those constructed during the second period of activities at the Marāgha observatory. A critical analysis of astronomical observations conducted at the Marāgha and Istanbul observatories is a key focus of this work. This book will be invaluable to those interested in the historical progression of exact sciences; the scope, distinctive aspects, and caliber of experimental activities in medieval times; and the interplay between theory and observation throughout history. It is intended for historians, scientists (including astronomers and physicists), and particularly, historians of astronomy. The Islamic society has great ties to astronomy. Its main religious customs (start of the Is