Noemvriana

The Noemvriana (, "November Events") of , also called the Greek Vespers, was a political dispute, rooted in Greece's neutrality in World War I, that escalated into an armed confrontation in Athens between the Greek royalist government and the Allies.

Tensions began in May 1916, when the Greek fortress of Roupel was surrendered to the Central Powers, mainly Bulgarian forces, raising concerns among the Allies of a secret alliance between the Greek government and the Central Powers. This potential alliance threatened the Allied forces bivouacking in Thessaloniki since late 1915 and invited by the former Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos to assist Serbia. Diplomatic negotiations between King Constantine I and the Allies took place in mid-1916, with the king advocating for Greek neutrality, which would favor the Central Powers. The Allies, however, demanded the surrender of the war materials lost at Roupel to ensure Greece's neutrality. However, the failed negotiations and the Bulgarian Army's advance in Macedonia led to a military coup by Venizelist officers in Thessaloniki. Supported by the Allies, in August 1916, Venizelos established a provisional government in northern Greece to form an army to reclaim territories lost to Bulgaria, thus splitting Greece into two factions.