branch of law involving relationships between individuals and the state, or the functioning of the state itself
Public law is the branch of law that deals with how the government operates and how it interacts with individual citizens. It matters because it covers the fundamental rules that shape government power, protect individual rights, and keep the state functioning according to established legal principles.
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Public law is the part of law that governs relations and affairs between legal persons and a government, between different institutions within a state, between different branches of governments, as well as relationships between persons that are of direct concern to society. Public law comprises constitutional law, administrative law, tax law and criminal law, as well as all procedural law. Laws concerning relationships between individuals belong to private law.
The relationships public law governs are asymmetric and unequalized. Government bodies (central or local) can make decisions about the rights of persons. However, as a consequence of the rule-of-law doctrine, authorities may only act within the law (secundum et intra legem). The government must obey the law. For example, a citizen unhappy with a decision of an administrative authority can ask a court for judicial review.
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