(; ; ) was an official category introduced in the Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire in the 17th century for a social estate that included the lower court and governmental ranks, children of personal dvoryans, and discharged military. The category of grew significantly during the massive trimming down of the category of service class people () in the second half of the 17th century. were of taxable estate, meaning those who had to pay poll tax (). In the mid-18th century the category was abolished and a significant part of were transferred into peasantry, but many became merchants and variou
(; ; ) was an official category introduced in the Digest of Laws of the Russian Empire in the 17th century for a social estate that included the lower court and governmental ranks, children of personal dvoryans, and discharged military. The category of grew significantly during the massive trimming down of the category of service class people () in the second half of the 17th century. were of taxable estate, meaning those who had to pay poll tax (). In the mid-18th century the category was abolished and a significant part of were transferred into peasantry, but many became merchants and various urban categories (urban ). As a result, of the 17th and 18th centuries significantly contributed to the urban growth in Siberia.
Later, in the common speech the term acquired a somewhat opposite meaning— became to denote persons of non-noble origin who due to their education were excluded from the taxable status and could apply for the status of personal distinguished citizenship ().
Discovered by embedding cosine similarity (sentence-transformers MiniLM, 384-dim).