Rudolf Carnap

Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970) was a German-born logician, philosopher of science, and university teacher who later became a United States citizen. He was also an Esperantist and an atheist. Carnap held academic positions at the University of Vienna, Charles University, the University of Chicago, and the University of California, Los Angeles. His educational background included studies at Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, the University of Freiburg, and the University of Vienna, where he earned a Doctor of Philosophy under Bruno Bauch.

His notable works include *Philosophische grundlegung der mathematik*, *Meaning and necessity*, *Einführung in die symbolische Logik mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Anwendungen*, *Notes for symbolic logic*, and *Studies in semantics*. Carnap was influenced by Gottlob Frege, Albert Einstein, Ernst Mach, and Immanuel Kant. He received a Guggenheim Fellowship and was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences. He spoke German, English, and Esperanto, and died in Santa Monica.