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Sparkling wine is wine that contains high amounts of carbon dioxide gas, which gives it its characteristic bubbles and fizzy sensation when you drink it. It matters because the bubbles create a distinctive taste and drinking experience that many people enjoy, and it's produced and consumed widely around the world.
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Encyclopedic overview
A glass of champagne
Sparkling wine is a wine with significant levels of carbon dioxide in it, making it fizzy, unlike the still wine. While it is common to refer to this as champagne, European Union countries legally reserve that word for products exclusively produced in the Champagne region of France. Sparkling wine is usually either white or rosé, but there are examples of red sparkling wines such as the Italian Brachetto, Bonarda and Lambrusco, and the Australian sparkling Shiraz. The sweetness of sparkling wine can range from very dry brut styles to sweeter doux varieties (French for 'hard' and 'soft', respectively).
Excerpted from Wikipedia’s “sparkling wine” article, available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.