Stripped may refer to:
==Music== "Stripped" (song), by Depeche Mode, 1986 Stripped (Christina Aguilera album) or the title song, 2002 Stripped (Daniel Ash album), 2014 Stripped (Macy Gray album), 2016 Stripped (Pretty Maids album), 1993 Stripped (Rolling Stones album), 1995 Stripped (We the Kings album), 2014 Stripped (Hinder EP), 2016 Stripped, an EP by Dylan Scott, 2018 Stripped, an EP by The Score, 2017 Stripped, an EP by Sam Smith, 2020 Stripped, an album by Stage Dolls, 1991 "Stripped", a song by Jesus Jones from Doubt, 1991 "Stripped", a song by Neurosis on their album Souls at Zero, 1992
Discovered by embedding cosine similarity (sentence-transformers MiniLM, 384-dim).